{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:34:26Z","timestamp":1755225266540,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R4124500780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R4124500780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastrin\u2010releasing peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B (NMB) are found in the stomach's myenteric plexus and muscular layers. When exogenously administered, they contract stomach muscle in several species, but their ability to modulate enteric nerve functions has rarely been studied. We investigated the effects of GRP on cholinergic\u2010mediated contractions of the stomach, after first characterizing the contractile effects of GRP, NMB, and bombesin (BB). Circular muscle rings, cut from the mouse gastric fundus, were studied using tissue bath techniques. Contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS; 5\u2009Hz) were examined under non\u2010adrenergic, non\u2010nitrergic conditions. Contractions were expressed as % of the maximum contraction induced by carbachol (100\u2009\u03bcM). GRP (0.0001\u20131\u2009\u03bcM), NMB (0.0001\u20133\u2009\u03bcM), and BB (0.0001\u20131\u2009\u03bcM) induced concentration\u2010dependent tonic muscle contractions. The <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> were, respectively, GRP: 7.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1, 54.6%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914); BB: 7.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2, 47.2%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.9% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099); and NMB: 6.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1, 38.1%\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910). GRP\u2010 and NMB\u2010induced contractions were inhibited by the BB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist BW\u201010, not by the BB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> receptor antagonist PD168368. EFS\u2010evoked contractions were blocked by atropine (1\u2009\u03bcM) or tetrodotoxin (1\u2009\u03bcM), and concentration\u2010dependently potentiated by GRP (0.0001\u20131\u2009\u03bcM), with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> values 7.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1 and 81.2%\u2009\u00b1\u200914.0%, respectively (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917). This activity was inhibited by BW\u201010, not PD168368. BW\u201010 alone also reduced EFS\u2010evoked contraction amplitudes. GRP and BW\u201010 did not affect contractions induced by bethanechol (1\u2013300\u2009\u03bcM). In conclusion, in mouse gastric fundus, GRP causes muscle contraction and also facilitates electrically evoked cholinergic activity (facilitating ACh release), both actions most likely involving BB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor activation. Further experiments must ascertain the physiological significance of these actions, alone and together.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T13:29:47Z","timestamp":1752845387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrin\u2010Releasing Peptide Facilitates Cholinergically Mediated Contractions of the Mouse Gastric Fundus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6726-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Curr\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of London  London UK"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Farmacologia Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore \u2010 Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS  Roma Italia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Makwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4231-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth J.","family":"Sanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02145873"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u2010291x(79)91614\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u2010291x(83)90814\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2015.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.1988.tb23877.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Gastrin\u2010Releasing Peptide (Mammalian Bombesin) Gene Expression in Health and Disease","volume":"59","author":"Sunday M. 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