{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:51:52Z","timestamp":1783489912236,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp;amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The rational use of medications is essential for optimal healthcare delivery, especially in developing countries. This research delves into prescribing patterns within the healthcare system of Pakistan and Yemen against World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators to uncover variances from recommended practices. A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted in the outpatient department of different hospitals in Pakistan and Yemen, including 400 prescriptions. Demographic details and prescription data were collected, focusing on WHO prescribing indicators including the average number of drugs per encounter, the percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name, the percentage of drugs prescribed from the essential drug list, and the prevalence of antibiotic and injectable prescriptions. The mean age of patients was 43.54\u2009\u00b1\u200916.92 and 38.81\u2009\u00b1\u200918.67\u2009years in Pakistan and Yemen, respectively. Polypharmacy was observed in both populations, with an average of 5.44\u2009\u00b1\u20091.16 drugs per encounter in Pakistan and 6.18\u2009\u00b1\u20091.09 in Yemen. Irrational antibiotic use was observed, with rates of 65% and 72.5% encounters in Pakistan and Yemen, respectively. The mean injectable medications per hospital were 28.5 (57%) and 34 (68%) in Pakistan and Yemen, respectively. In Pakistan, the mean percentage of generic prescribing was 74.18%, while in Yemen, it was 78.24%. The total percentage of drugs prescribed from the essential drug list was 98.24% in Pakistan, whereas 97.87% in Yemen. The findings reveal significant deviations from WHO prescribing indicators marked by polypharmacy and excessive antimicrobial and injectable utilization, which pose risks to patient safety and contribute to antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T13:49:26Z","timestamp":1763560166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating Rational Drug Use in Developing Countries: A Cross\u2010Sectional Analysis of Prescribing Patterns Against\n                    <scp>WHO<\/scp>\n                    Indicators in Pakistan and Yemen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6006-4159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Quaid\u2010i\u2010Azam University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Mohammed Ahmed","family":"Al\u2010Subari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Quaid\u2010i\u2010Azam University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Quaid\u2010i\u2010Azam University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameen","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Quaid\u2010i\u2010Azam University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Gomal University  Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3809157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_976_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221096608"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976\u20100105.168051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3407-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/jppcm.2016.3.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22270\/ujpr.v2i5.R3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"M.Darwich \u201cEscalation in Failed Military Interventions.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.659980"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","article-title":"Evaluation of Rational Drug Use Among Pediatrics by Using WHO Core Drug Use Indicators in Selected Hospitals of Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Hafeez H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"M. A.Alkhawlani A. M.Al\u2010Ghani andM. M.Alburyhi \u201cStudy the Potential Drug\u2010Drug Interaction Through Prescriptions Analysis in Some Sana'a City Hospitals Yemen.\u201d"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Incidence of Poly Pharmacy Among Emergency Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi: An Ignored Paradigm for Quality Drug Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Khursheed M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3615-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Assessment of Prescription Errors and Prescribing Indicators in Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayyed Medical Complex, Quetta, Pakistan","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed F.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak\u2010Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riac082"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jphsr\/rmab003"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"5195","article-title":"A Prospective Study on Evaluation of Prescription Patterns Using Who Prescribing Indicators in out Patient Department of Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital","volume":"13","author":"Patel J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Assessment of WHO\/INRUD Core Drug Use Indicators at Public and Private Healthcare CENTRES in Lahore, Pakistan: A Multicentre Cross\u2010Sectional Study","volume":"5","author":"Bhatti Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacy& Integrated Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2010.16.2.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14748\/ssp.v9i1.8593"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/prp2.70174","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T16:56:22Z","timestamp":1765817782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/prp2.70174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/prp2.70174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prp2.70174","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-1707","2052-1707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-1707","type":"print"},{"value":"2052-1707","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70174"}}