{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:11:36Z","timestamp":1781763096419,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009123","name":"Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009123","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp;amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has increased in Western countries over several decades, and there is concern about unsubstantiated indications and effects of long\u2010term use. The study aimed to describe the prevalence, incidence, indications, and prescription pattern for PPIs over the past decade in an entire national cohort. This nationwide drug utilization study used data from the Norwegian Prescription Database and Norwegian Patient Registry. Patterns of PPI use were investigated from 2009 to 2022. Prevalent, long\u2010term, and incident PPI use were calculated. The indication for PPI was defined by the diagnosis code linked to each prescription. Upper endoscopies during the study period were assessed for incident PPI users. PPI prescription increased from 58.1 mill DDD in 2009 to 166.9 mill DDD in 2022, that is, 43 and 106 DDD\/1000 inhabitants\/day. Prevalent PPI use increased from 3.5% to 9.9%, paralleling an increased incidence from 2.9% to 5.4%. The dominant indications in 2009 and 2022 were esophageal disease in primary care (72.5% and 57.6% of total DDDs) and GERD in specialist care (10.7% and 4.7% of total DDDs). Musculoskeletal disorders, pain, and ulcer prophylaxis all increased during the period. Upper endoscopy around incident PPI use decreased from 25.3% to 11.1%. In conclusion, the 2.46\u2010fold increase in prevalent PPI use was caused by an absolute increase in PPI prescribed against esophageal disease and GERD, and prophylaxis in patients using ulcerogenic comedication, mainly prescribed in primary care. The findings may help inform strategies to reduce a probable overuse of PPIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T03:14:37Z","timestamp":1759288477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Among Adults in Norway\u2014A Nationwide Drug Utilization Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-9357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reidar","family":"Fossmark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sveinung","family":"Molnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology St. Olav's University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liv","family":"Sagatun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology St. Olav's University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Salvesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Applied Clinical Research, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olav","family":"Spigset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology St. Olav's University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X16650156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284818777943"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-024-01502-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307843"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327737"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03263.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.5.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2024-001719"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3642-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02810-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) (2022) http:\/\/www.reseptregisteret.no\/Prevalens.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (2020) https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/?code=A07EC02."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Statistics Norway accessed April 4 2025 https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.19.0577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14238"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","article-title":"Proton Pump Inhibitors for Functional Dyspepsia","volume":"11","author":"Pinto\u2010Sanchez M. I.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001538"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1996.51193000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01291.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (2019) https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug\u2010safety\u2010and\u2010availability\/fda\u2010updates\u2010and\u2010press\u2010announcements\u2010ndma\u2010zantac\u2010ranitidine."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.513"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.05.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-020-00316-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30037-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2023.2255710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0268-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1237-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102649"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"\u201cRELIS\u201d(2024) https:\/\/relis.no\/about_relis."}],"container-title":["Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/prp2.70182","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T17:06:39Z","timestamp":1760979999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/prp2.70182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/prp2.70182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prp2.70182","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-1707","2052-1707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-1707","type":"print"},{"value":"2052-1707","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70182"}}