{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:05:20Z","timestamp":1771232720946,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The US continues to battle an opioid crisis, substantially influenced by prescription opioids, with nearly 80\u2009000 opioid\u2010related deaths in 2023. This study aims to characterize oxycodone's distribution in the United States (US) from 2000 to 2023 using three data sources. Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME) of oxycodone were calculated from the Drug Enforcement Administration annual summary reports from the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS); the number of units and prescriptions of oxycodone per enrollee were calculated using the Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data (M\u2010SDUD); and the number of claims and 30\u2010day fills per enrollee and per beneficiary with a claim for oxycodone were calculated from the Medicare Part D Prescribers (M\u2010PDP) dataset. Oxycodone MME per person in ARCOS rose +280% from 2000 to 2010 before declining, ending at +56% over the full period. At the 2010 peak, Florida, Delaware, and Tennessee showed high distributions of oxycodone, while Texas and Illinois had lower amounts compared to most states. Delaware again stood out in the Medicaid data with higher numbers of units and prescriptions, along with Alaska, Arizona, Maine, and Maryland. This data also had some anomalies in the number of prescriptions in the 2000s. The Medicare data covered 2013\u20132022, with the District of Columbia and North Dakota standing out with lower numbers of claims and 30\u2010day fills per beneficiary compared to other states. Oxycodone distribution varied substantially between states over time. Each dataset provided complementary insights, highlighting the importance of multi\u2010source monitoring for assessing opioid distribution trends and informing public policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T07:29:24Z","timestamp":1768375764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacoepidemiology of Oxycodone in the USA: An Observational Study of ARCOS, Medicaid, and Medicare Drug Databases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5822-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay P.","family":"Solgama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger College of Health Sciences  Scranton Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apoorva","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes Geisinger  Danville Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University  Johnson City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Piper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger College of Health Sciences  Scranton Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes Geisinger  Danville Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"\u201cKey Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results From the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health \u201d2023 https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt47095\/National%20Report\/National%20Report\/2023\u2010nsduh\u2010annual\u2010national.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916\u2010019\u20100751\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571\u2010020\u201001013\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Office of Public Affairs | Justice Department \u201cAnnounces Global Resolution of Criminal and Civil Investigations With Opioid Manufacturer Purdue Pharma and Civil Settlement With Members of the Sackler Family | United States Department of Justice \u201d2020 https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/archives\/opa\/pr\/justice\u2010department\u2010announces\u2010global\u2010resolution\u2010criminal\u2010and\u2010civil\u2010investigations\u2010opioid."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. F.Garnett \u201cDrug Overdose Deaths in the United States 2003\u20132023 \u201d2024 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db522.pdf.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/170565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637211013052"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"e41","article-title":"Trends in Prescriptions for Oxycodone and Other Commonly Used Opioids in the United States, 2000\u20132010","volume":"6","author":"Kenan K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102023\u2010073765"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy12040102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38211"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Trends in the Distribution of Opioids in Puerto Rico, 1999\u20102013","volume":"35","author":"El Burai F\u00e9lix S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"\u201cHistory | CMS \u201daccessed February 12 2025 https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/about\u2010cms\/who\u2010we\u2010are\/history."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"\u201cEligibility Policy | Medicaid \u201daccessed February 12 2025 https:\/\/www.medicaid.gov\/medicaid\/eligibility\u2010policy\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"\u201cOverview of Medicare | CMS \u201daccessed February 12 2025 https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/cms\u2010guide\u2010medical\u2010technology\u2010companies\u2010and\u2010other\u2010interested\u2010parties\/getting\u2010started\/overview\u2010medicare."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.04.1840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001494"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.1757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13505"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxae165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.23.00285"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Utilization, Spending, and Price of Opioid Medications in the US Medicaid Programs Between 1991 and 2019","volume":"15","author":"Alsultan M. M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Prescription Opioid Trends in the United States","author":"Aitken M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","unstructured":"The Pandas Development Team \u201cpandas\u2010dev\/pandas: Pandas \u201d2024 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.10957263."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","volume-title":"Data From: Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System","author":"U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","unstructured":"\u201cTabula \u2014 Tabula\u2010Py Documentation \u201daccessed February 3 2025 https:\/\/tabula\u2010py.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/tabula.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"\u201cState Drug Utilization Data | Medicaid \u201daccessed February 3 2025 https:\/\/www.medicaid.gov\/medicaid\/prescription\u2010drugs\/state\u2010drug\u2010utilization\u2010data\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u201cNational Drug Code Directory \u201daccessed January 20 2025 https:\/\/dps.fda.gov\/ndc."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services \u201cMedicare Part D Prescribers \u201daccessed January 20 2025 https:\/\/data.cms.gov\/provider\u2010summary\u2010by\u2010type\u2010of\u2010service\/medicare\u2010part\u2010d\u2010prescribers."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"AHCCCS \u201cArizona's Medicaid Reform Plan \u201d2012 https:\/\/www.azahcccs.gov\/shared\/Downloads\/News\/AZReformProgressoverview.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy12010014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u201cTimeline of Selected FDA Activities and Significant Events Addressing Opioid Misuse and Abuse \u201d2022 accessed August 9 2022 https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/information\u2010drug\u2010class\/timeline\u2010selected\u2010fda\u2010activities\u2010and\u2010significant\u2010events\u2010addressing\u2010opioid\u2010misuse\u2010and\u2010abuse."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0914"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","unstructured":"\u201c2009 Florida Statues Title XLVI Chapter\u00a0893 Section\u00a0055 \u201dhttp:\/\/www.leg.state.fl.us\/statutes\/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&SubMenu=1&App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=Prescription+drug+monitoring+program&URL=CH0893\/Sec055.HTM."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.615646"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","volume-title":"How to Download and Use the DEA Pain Pills Database","author":"Rich S.","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/prp2.70210","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/prp2.70210","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/prp2.70210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:07:55Z","timestamp":1771229275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/prp2.70210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/prp2.70210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prp2.70210","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-1707","2052-1707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-1707","type":"print"},{"value":"2052-1707","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70210"}}