{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:54:32Z","timestamp":1781585672119,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of end\u2010stage renal disease. Oxidative stress and inflammation are central drivers of DN progression, yet no effective therapies exist to prevent or delay renal injury. This study investigated the renoprotective effects of glycine (GLY), N\u2010acetylcysteine (NAC), and their combination administered at early versus late stages of streptozotocin induced diabetes. Forty\u2010eight male Wistar rats (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200948) were allocated into five groups: healthy controls (Group 1,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096), untreated diabetic rats (Group 2,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096), and three treatment groups (Groups 3\u20135, each\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection (55\u2009mg\/kg). Group 3 received NAC (100\u2009mg\/kg), Group 4 received GLY (250\u2009mg\/kg), and Group 5 received NAC\u2009+\u2009GLY. Each treatment group was subdivided into early (6\u2009week,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096) and late (12\u2009week,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096) intervention subgroups. Treatments were administered orally. Renal tissue was evaluated using classic histology, geometric morphometric analysis, and biochemical assays of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Statistical analyzes were performed using ANOVA with appropriate post hoc tests (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Untreated diabetic rats (Group 2) showed significantly decreased SOD activity, increased MPO levels, marked mesangial matrix expansion, glomerular hypercellularity, tubular epithelial degeneration, and interstitial inflammation with fibrosis. NAC (Group 3) and GLY (Group 4) each improved oxidative stress markers and partially restored glomerular and tubular morphology, with early treatment subgroups exhibiting more substantial benefit than late subgroups. The combined NAC\u2009+\u2009GLY therapy (Group 5) demonstrated the strongest renoprotective effect, preserving renal structure and biochemical parameters closest to healthy controls. To conclude, early combined administration of glycine and\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010acetylcysteine yields superior protection against diabetes\u2010induced renal injury compared with individual treatments. These findings support the therapeutic potential of antioxidant\u2010amino acid combinations in preventing or delaying diabetic nephropathy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:01:19Z","timestamp":1780300879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphological and Biochemical Insights Into the Renoprotective Effects of Combined\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>N<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    \u2010Acetylcysteine and Glycine Treatment in Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malik","family":"Ejubovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Cantonal Hospital Zenica  Zenica Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-6600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej","family":"Belan\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology With Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8929-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Wah","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Nursing and Health Sciences Hong Kong Metropolitan University  Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-6276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farideh","family":"Javid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield  Huddersfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0304-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Kapi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Sarajevo  Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esad","family":"\u0106osovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Sarajevo  Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rijad","family":"Jahi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Center Sarajevo  Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"Lepara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Sarajevo  Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3143-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira Jagodi\u0107","family":"Ejubovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Cantonal Hospital Zenica  Zenica Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0197-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lejla","family":"Ali\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine University of Sarajevo  Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8557-8829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amil","family":"Topuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine University of Sarajevo  Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0070-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zurifa","family":"Ajanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine University of Sarajevo  Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3722-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almir","family":"Fajki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Sarajevo  Sarajevo Bosnia and 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