{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:47:19Z","timestamp":1792133239203,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp;amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increasingly been identified as a risk factor for sensorineural hearing loss, whereas the association between different antidiabetic therapies and hearing thresholds remains poorly characterized. This retrospective observational study evaluated 240 patients with T2DM and 105 normoglycemic controls who underwent standardized pure\u2010tone audiometry at the Audiology Section of the University of Palermo between February 2025 and January 2026. Hearing thresholds were measured using the pure tone average (PTA\u2010mean) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4\u2009kHz, corresponding to speech\u2010relevant frequencies. Multivariable analysis of covariance, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status, showed that subjects with T2DM had significantly higher PTA\u2010mean values compared to controls (64.4\u2009\u00b1\u200917.1\u2009dB vs. 56.4\u2009\u00b1\u200914.8\u2009dB;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007), indicating worse hearing thresholds. Among specific antidiabetic treatments, GLP\u20101RAs, metformin, and pioglitazone were associated with lower PTA\u2010mean values. Furthermore, pharmacological class analysis showed that GLP\u20101 receptor agonists and biguanides were associated with more favorable hearing thresholds. These findings suggest that antidiabetic pharmacotherapy may show class\u2010specific associations with auditory function, supporting the need for prospective studies to evaluate whether hearing outcomes should be considered in the broader management of diabetes\u2010related comorbidities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:36:32Z","timestamp":1789025792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Antidiabetic Pharmacotherapy and Hearing Thresholds in Adult Hearing\u2010Impaired Patients With Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Martines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Audiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND) University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Salvago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Audiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND) University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u201cGiuseppe D'Alessandro\u201d University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Audiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND) University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0917-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginevra","family":"Malta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u201cGiuseppe D'Alessandro\u201d University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Plescia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF) University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4725-1881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Cascioferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF) University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-379X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Lavanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u201cGiuseppe D'Alessandro\u201d University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4786-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Plescia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u201cGiuseppe D'Alessandro\u201d University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"Magliano D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation \u201cIDF Diabetes Atlas 11th Edition \u201daccessed February 10 2026 https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/resources\/idf\u2010diabetes\u2010atlas\u20102025\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508\u2010022\u201002122\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","unstructured":"G.Novelli \u201c16th Italian Barometer Diabetes Report 2023. Il Diabete in Italia e Nelle Regioni: Dati Di Una Pandemia in Continua Evoluzione \u201d(2023) accessed February 10 2026 https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/resources\/idf\u2010diabetes\u2010atlas\u20102025\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 \u201cIstituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 EpiCentro\u2014L'epidemiologia per la sanit\u00e0 pubblica \u201d(2024) accessed February 10 2026 https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/passi\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","unstructured":"Istat \u201cAnnuario Statistico Italiano \u201d(2024) accessed February 10 2026 https:\/\/www.istat.it\/it\/archivio\/299446."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.7.1782"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475\u20102840\u20106\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314665"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0075"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002\u20108703(03)00235\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.612"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.607"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"The DECODE Study. Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative Analysis of Diagnostic Criteria in Europe","volume":"26","author":"Balkau B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes & Metabolism"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","first-page":"725","article-title":"Hearing loss in Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Pemmaiah K. D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.1346"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892\u2010015\u20100696\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59020269"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hearing in Diabetics","volume":"356","author":"Axelsson A.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Oto\u2010Laryngologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405\u2010013\u20102379\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020\u2010023\u201000737\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2001.114795"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000059241"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2023.108783"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2024.2382943"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3733"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1173402"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672\u20102930(13)50017\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808\u20108694(15)30498\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230\u20108210.122629"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24354"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012\u20102119"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres15050135"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15070669"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18\u2010S008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201028599\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071041"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119343"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102869"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v53i3.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010254"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1276883"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.134.7.771"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25258\/ijpqa.16.2.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37219\/2528\u20108253\u20102025\u20101\u20102\u201036"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.52431"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v71i1.1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37219\/2528\u20108253\u20102024\u20102\u201043"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256\u20104947.2021.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25122\/jml\u20102021\u20100300"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010023\u201017138\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/0853\u20101601056271"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188231222367"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11121440"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1675552"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25258\/ijpqa.16.8.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14399"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17091115"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010024\u201001821\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13784"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20110386"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21070\/acopen.10.2025.13015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144987"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11599"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040486"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30406"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093145"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13201688"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1245049"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2025.0220"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1847645"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00604.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098\u2010025\u201001888\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061320"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413177"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/prp2.70316","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/prp2.70316","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/prp2.70316","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:15:23Z","timestamp":1792131323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/prp2.70316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/prp2.70316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prp2.70316","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-1707","2052-1707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-1707","type":"print"},{"value":"2052-1707","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70316"}}