{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:47:18Z","timestamp":1792133238425,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102026\u201025494803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102026\u201025494803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000351023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000351023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp;amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Neuroinflammation, mediated by activated microglia and astrocytes, contributes to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Ginsenosides derived from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    possess anti\u2010inflammatory properties. However, the comparative efficacy of structurally distinct ginsenosides and their activity across multiple glial cell types remains incompletely understood. In this study, we systematically compared the effects of ginsenosides Rb1 (protopanaxadiol\u2010type), Rb2 (protopanaxadiol\u2010type), and Rg1 (protopanaxatriol\u2010type) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)\u2010activated BV2 microglia and C8\u2010D1A astrocytes. Following LPS stimulation, cells were treated with ginsenosides, and inflammatory responses were assessed by cell viability assay, real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blotting. None of the three ginsenosides up to 20\u2009\u03bcM concentration reduced cell viability. Rb1 and Rg1 suppressed LPS\u2010induced expression of proinflammatory genes, including\n                    <jats:italic>Il\u20106, Il\u20101\u03b2,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cox<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , across multiple concentrations, with inhibitory effects particularly notable at 5 and 10\u2009\u03bcM. ELISA further confirmed that Rb1 and Rg1 reduced interleukin (IL)\u20106 and IL\u20101\u03b2 secretion in both glial cell types. In contrast, Rb2 showed limited and inconsistent anti\u2010inflammatory effects, despite being structurally similar to Rb1. Rb1 and Rg1 reduced LPS\u2010induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB) in nuclei of both cell types, whereas Rb2 suppressed NF\u2010\u03baB phosphorylation only in BV2 microglia. Rb1 reduced AKT and p38 phosphorylation in C8\u2010D1A astrocytes, indicating compound\u2010 and cell\u2010type\u2010specific regulation of inflammatory signaling. Notably, Rb2\u2010mediated NF\u2010\u03baB suppression did not translate into broad inhibition of inflammatory gene or cytokine expression. These findings identify Rb1 and Rg1 as ginsenosides with broad anti\u2010inflammatory activity in microglia and highlight glycosylation\u2010dependent functional differences among structurally related ginsenosides.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:56:28Z","timestamp":1789836988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 Suppress Lipopolysaccharide\u2010Induced Inflammatory Gene Expression in Microglia and Astrocytes, Unlike Rb2"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hanwoong","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidimensional Genomics Research Center Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong\u2010im","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Health Convergence Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Health Convergence Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Ki","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidimensional Genomics Research Center Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunbi","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidimensional Genomics Research Center Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sehyun","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidimensional Genomics Research Center Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art Culture and Engineering Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4489-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jieun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidimensional Genomics Research Center Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Health Convergence Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712798992066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9096774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25194390"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2024.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FMJ04001X4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.19885"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology Research &amp; 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