{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T11:53:32Z","timestamp":1792151612560,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005902","name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp;amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies require temporally precise measurements of drug concentrations in biological matrices, most commonly whole blood or plasma. However, repeated venous sampling may increase participant burden and complicate PK\u2010intensive study designs. Needle\u2010free blood collection devices that access peripheral intravenous (IV) catheters may provide an alternative approach to repeated venipuncture while maintaining sampling schedules and specimen quality. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of integrating the PIVO Pro needle\u2010free blood collection device into a PK\u2010intensive human laboratory study of inhaled \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (\u0394\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC), \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010THC, and placebo. Participants completed a screening visit and three dosing visits conducted in a university research facility equipped with a full\u2010scale driving simulator. During each dosing visit, venous blood samples were collected at nine time points over approximately 8\u2009h through an indwelling peripheral IV catheter using the PIVO device. All participants reported that study procedures, including blood collection, were acceptable. Approximately 40% of vascular access sites required replacement, most commonly within the first hour and typically associated with poor initial blood return. Despite slower flow compared with standard venipuncture, sampling was generally sufficient to maintain the PK sampling schedule. One mild adverse event related to vascular access (localized bruising) was observed. These findings demonstrate the operational feasibility of needle\u2010free blood collection through indwelling IV catheters in a PK\u2010intensive research protocol conducted outside a traditional clinical research unit. Further studies are warranted to compare analytical performance and access durability relative to conventional venous sampling approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T11:18:07Z","timestamp":1792149487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maintaining\n                    <scp>IV<\/scp>\n                    Patency Throughout Pharmacokinetic Studies Through a Needle\u2010Free Blood Draw Device"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6019-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Naviaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Forensic Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Leinweber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Barkholtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Forensic Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00533.x","article-title":"Optimal Design of Pharmacokinetic Studies","volume":"106","author":"Aarons L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1991.tb03971.x","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics: Theory and Practice","volume":"32","author":"Aarons L.","year":"1991","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Toxicology Screening","author":"Mukherji P.","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.248492","article-title":"Effect of Blood Collection Time on Measured \u03949\u2010Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations: Implications for Driving Interpretation and Drug Policy","volume":"62","author":"Hartman R. L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2512","article-title":"Optimum Blood Sampling Time Windows for Parameter Estimation in Population Pharmacokinetic Experiments","volume":"25","author":"Graham G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices in Phlebotomy","author":"Dhingra N.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"The BD Closed IV Peripheral Line Draw Solution (2023) accessed May 11 2026 https:\/\/www.bd.com\/content\/dam\/bd\u2010assets\/na\/medication\u2010delivery\u2010solutions\/documents\/brochure\/BD\u201091447_BD_Closed_IV_Peripheral_Line_Draw_Solutions_Flyer.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000222","article-title":"A Novel Needle\u2010Free Blood Draw Device for Sample Collection From Short Peripheral Catheters","volume":"40","author":"Cadacio C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Infusion Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1097\/JHQ.0000000000000331","article-title":"Multicenter Study of Needle\u2010Free Blood Collection System for Reducing Specimen Error and Intravenous Catheter Replacement","volume":"44","author":"Pendleton B.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Healthcare Quality"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2025.3","article-title":"What Research Participants Say About Their Research Experience in Empowering the Participant Voice: Outcomes and Actionable Data","volume":"9","author":"Kost R. G.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Translational Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2024.19","article-title":"Empowering the Participant Voice (EPV): Design and Implementation of Collaborative Infrastructure to Collect Research Participant Experience Feedback at Scale","volume":"8","author":"Kost R. G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Translational Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2010.19.21.79998","article-title":"Improving Peripheral Cannulation Practice at an NHS Trust","volume":"19","author":"Bolton D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7380527"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APNR.2017.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PLABM.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000513"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Complications Occurring from Diagnostic Venipuncture","author":"Galena H. 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