{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T03:08:10Z","timestamp":1763867290158,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007935","name":"Hainan Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Xanthine oxidase (XO) competes with thiopurine S\u2010methyltransferase (TPMT) and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) to metabolize azathioprine (AZA)\/6\u2010mercaptopurine (6\u2010MP) in vivo. A retrospective investigation was performed to detect the activity of XO in thiopurine curative Chinese inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. We also evaluated whether a relationship between XO activity and incidence of thiopurine\u2010induced adverse effects (AEs) existed. Clinical data and blood samples were collected from 140 IBD patients before receiving AZA\/6\u2010MP therapy, and the erythrocyte XO activity was measured. The XO activities of all patients were 20.29\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.43\u00a0U\/g\u00a0Hb. No sex difference in XO activity was observed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.728), and the XO activity showed no difference between the UC and CD patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.082). AEs were observed in 41 (29.3%) patients including leukopenia (26, 18.57%), gastrointestinal intolerance (11, 7.86%), flu\u2010like symptom (5, 3.57%), alopecia (5, 3.57%), and hepatotoxicity (1, 0.71%). XO activity was significantly lower in the patients with AEs than in those without AEs (18.40\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.73 vs. 21.07\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.48\u00a0U\/g\u00a0Hb, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.001), especially in the patients with leukopenia (18.29\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.68 vs. 21.07\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.48\u00a0U\/g\u00a0Hb, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.004). However, no significant difference in XO activity was found between patients with and without other AEs. Decreased XO activity was observed in the patients who developed flu\u2010like symptoms (17.58\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.50\u00a0U\/g\u00a0Hb) and alopecia (18.67\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.91\u00a0U\/g\u00a0Hb) compared to those who did not, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. These findings suggested that patients with low XO expression might have a high risk of thiopurine\u2010induced toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:07:40Z","timestamp":1619777260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Xanthine oxidase activity in thiopurine curative Chinese inflammatory bowel disease patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8144-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial and Research Center People\u2019s Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen Shenzhen PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang\u2010bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University Guangzhou PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010chang","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma Ministry of Education College of Emergency and Trauma Hainan Medical University Haikou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue\u2010ding","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bai\u2010li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3898-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanzhu","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma Ministry of Education College of Emergency and Trauma Hainan Medical University Haikou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pin\u2010jin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.4.485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02220605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03832.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"423","article-title":"A review of immune modifier therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: azathioprine, 6\u2010mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, and methotrexate","volume":"91","author":"Sandborn WJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J 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