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To address this, we present the novel invertebrate model,\n                    <jats:italic>Lumbriculus variegatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , for in vivo testing of drugs in a teaching environment. We have developed two novel behavioral assays: the stereotypical movement assay, which measures the effect of drugs on the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>variegatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    to perform stereotypical movements following tactile stimulation, and the free locomotion assay, which measures drug effects on unstimulated movement. We report the effects of compounds with diverse pharmacodynamic properties on\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>variegatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    using these assays. The ryanodine receptor antagonist, dantrolene, altered the unstimulated movement of\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>variegatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 5\u00a0\u03bcM, whereas stimulated movement was inhibited at \u226525\u00a0\u03bcM. Lidocaine, a voltage\u2010gated sodium channel blocker, and quinine, a nonselective sodium and potassium channel blocker, reduced both stimulated and unstimulated\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>variegatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    movement at \u22650.5\u00a0mM. Inhibitory effects of quinine persisted for up to 24\u00a0h after drug removal, whereas lidocaine effects were reduced 10\u00a0min after drug removal. Herein, we provide proof\u2010of\u2010concept utilization of\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>variegatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    as an organism for use in in vivo pharmacology education but without regulatory constraints or the need for specialized equipment and training.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T07:30:51Z","timestamp":1629444651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>Lumbriculus variegatus<\/i>\n                    : A novel organism for in vivo pharmacology education"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7085-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidan","family":"Seeley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea Worm Integrative Research Laboratory (SWIRL) Swansea University Medical School Swansea University Swansea United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Bellamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea Worm Integrative Research Laboratory (SWIRL) Swansea University Medical School Swansea University Swansea United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nia A.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea Worm Integrative Research Laboratory (SWIRL) Swansea University Medical School Swansea University Swansea United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melisa J.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea Worm Integrative Research Laboratory (SWIRL) Swansea University Medical School Swansea University Swansea United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"British Pharmacological Society.What is pharmacology?https:\/\/www.bps.ac.uk\/about\/about\u2010pharmacology\/what\u2010is\u2010pharmacology. 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