{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:48:29Z","timestamp":1789523309222,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001234","name":"Royal Australian College of General Practitioners","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite reducing benzodiazepine prescribing, benzodiazepine\u2010involving deaths have substantially increased in Australia. This study aimed to explore patterns in long\u2010term prescribing of medications (benzodiazepine and z\u2010drugs [BZD]) used for sleep\u2010issues\/insomnia in Australia to better understand these changes. Open cohort study using de\u2010identified electronic health records of 1\u00a0414\u00a0593 adult patients regularly attending 404 Australian general practices from 2011 to 2018 (MedicineInsight). We used logistic regression adjusted for patient and practice characteristics to; (1) estimate long\u2010term BZD prescribing prevalence (\u22653 prescriptions in 6\u00a0months) and the associated sociodemographic factors, and (2) Poisson regression to compute annual changes in prescribing rates. Long\u2010term BZD prescribing changed from 4.4% in 2011 to 5.8% in 2015, remaining relatively stable until 2018 (annual increase +2.5% [95% CI +2.0%;+3.0%]). Long\u2010term BZD prescribing in any year was up to six times more likely in elderly rather than in younger patients and 30%\u201343% more prevalent in females, or patients living in or attending a practice located in more disadvantaged areas. The increase was more pronounced among males, adults aged 35\u201349\u00a0years, and individuals living in advantaged areas. The median duration among incident cases decreased from 1183 to 322\u00a0days between 2011 and 2017, and was up to 197\u00a0days longer among elderly females than males. Despite a slight increase and recent stability in long\u2010term BZD prescribing, the higher rates and durations among elderly patients, women, or those living in more disadvantaged areas are concerning and highlights the need for interventions that reduce the potential harms of long\u2010term BZD use in vulnerable groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T08:19:11Z","timestamp":1639729151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Long\u2010term benzodiazepines and z\u2010drug prescribing in Australian general practice between 2011 and 2018: A national study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1757-023X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Woods","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-3697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mumtaz","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Chica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University South Australia Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Stocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04418.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204413"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14307"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12315"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2021.0054"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare(2021).Alcohol tobacco & other drugs in Australia. Non medical use of pharmacuetical drugs. Accessed 30 Aug 2021.https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/alcohol\/alcohol\u2010tobacco\u2010other\u2010drugs\u2010australia\/contents\/drug\u2010types\/non\u2010medical\u2010use\u2010of\u2010pharmaceutical\u2010drugs#Deaths."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Guidance on the use of zaleplon zolpidem and zopiclone for the short term management of insomnia. Accessed 14th April 2021.https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta77."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","unstructured":"The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners.Prescribing drugs of dependence in general practice Part B \u2013 Benzodiazepines. 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