{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T05:31:15Z","timestamp":1781933475189,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]],"date-time":"2007-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1187049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Process Safety Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Computational fluid dynamics calculations for gas explosion safety have been widely used for doing risk assessments within the oil and gas industry for more than a decade. On the basis of predicted consequences of a range of potential accident scenarios a risk level is predicted. The development of applications using hydrogen as a clean energy carrier has accelerated in recent years, and hydrogen may be used widely in the future. Because of the very high reactivity of hydrogen, safe handling is critical. For most applications it is not realistic to perform an extensive risk assessment similar to what is done for large petrochemical installations. On the other hand, simplified methods, like venting guidelines, may have a questionable validity for hydrogen. The use of simple methods, if these actually are conservative, will in general predict too high consequences for the majority of scenarios, as these are not able to represent actual geometry and physics of the explosion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this article a three\u2010step approach is proposed. The initial approach will be to carry out a \u201cworst\u2010case\u201d calculation evaluating the consequences if a full stoichiometric gas cloud is ignited. Mitigation measures can also be considered. As a second step, if potential consequences of the initial approach are not acceptable, the assumptions are refined and more calculations are performed to make the evaluations more realistic and reduce unnecessary conservatism of the chosen worst\u2010case scenarios. Typically a number of dispersion calculations will be performed to generate likely gas clouds, which are subsequently ignited. If estimated consequences are still not acceptable, a more comprehensive study, including ventilation, dispersion, and explosion, is performed to evaluate the probability for unacceptable events. \u00a9 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2007<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.10213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]],"date-time":"2007-08-14T15:47:27Z","timestamp":1187106447000},"page":"29-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["CFD\u2010based risk assessment for hydrogen applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Olav R.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prankul","family":"Middha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O.A.Rosyid D.Jablonski andU.Hauptmanns \u201cRisk Analysis for the Infrastructure of a Hydrogen Economy \u201dProceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the Society for Risk Analysis\u2014Europe Ljubljana Slovenia 11\u201313 September2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2007.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NORSOK Standard Z\u2010013 2001. Risk and emergency preparedness analysis Norwegian Technology Center Oslo Norway Rev. 2 (2001). Available fromwww.standard.no\/pronorm\u20103\/data\/f\/0\/01\/50\/3_10704_0\/Z\u2010013.pdf.","DOI":"10.1088\/1126-6708\/2001\/01\/013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","unstructured":"O.R.HansenandP.Middha \u201cCFD\u2013based risk assessment for hydrogen applications \u201dProceedings of the 41st Annual Loss Prevention Symposium Houston TX 22\u201326 April2007 p.235."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.680180105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","unstructured":"O.R.Hansen J.Renoult andJ.R.Bakke Explosion risk assessment: How the results vary with the approach chosen. Fall Symposium Proceedings Mary Kay O' Connor Process Safety Center Department of Chemical Engineering Texas A&M University 3122 TAMU College Station TX pp.395\u2013410 2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.10068"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","unstructured":"E.M.Berg A.Huser andE.Skramstad \u201cIgnition modelling time dependent ignition probability model \u201d DNV Report No. 96\u20103629 1996(Confidential)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200600713583"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","unstructured":"O.R.HansenandP.Middha \u201cCFD simulation study to investigate the risk from hydrogen vehicles in tunnels \u201d Paper Presented at 2nd International Conference on Hydrogen Safety San Sebastian Spain 11\u201313 September2007."}],"container-title":["Process Safety Progress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fprs.10213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/prs.10213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:10:43Z","timestamp":1761070243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/prs.10213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/prs.10213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prs.10213","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1066-8527","1547-5913"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1066-8527","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-5913","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]]}}}