{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:48:31Z","timestamp":1778010511703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,15]],"date-time":"2007-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1192406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Zinc phosphide baits are used for controlling pest rodents but are also highly toxic to other vertebrates. The base for rodent baits containing zinc phosphide is usually wheat kernels which are highly attractive to birds. In this study, wheat\u2010based pellets of different shapes and colours without zinc phosphide were tested for their attractiveness for pigeons (<jats:italic>Columba livia<\/jats:italic> Gmelin) and Japanese quails (<jats:italic>Coturnix japonica<\/jats:italic> Temm. &amp; Schleg.) in aviaries and for pigeons and corvids (<jats:italic>Corvus monedula<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Corvus corone<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Pica pica<\/jats:italic> L.) in the field.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> In aviaries, wheat was clearly preferred over other bait. In the field, some bait formulations were avoided by birds in certain conditions. However, no formulation was avoided consistently across species to lower the potential uptake of zinc phosphide below the LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> for highly susceptible bird species (8 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body weight). The formulations that were not rapidly eaten by birds (blue granules, red lentil\u2010shaped pellets) were not avoided consistently at low and high vegetative cover.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold> The bait formulations tested may not considerably enhance the safety of birds when using zinc phosphide for rodent control. Field testing other combinations of bait colour and shape to minimise background contrast may result in bait with higher potential for bird protection. Copyright Jens Jacob and Angela Leukers, employees of the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Germany. Printed with permission<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,15]],"date-time":"2007-10-15T12:46:50Z","timestamp":1192452410000},"page":"74-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Preference of birds for zinc phosphide bait formulations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Leukers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Rodent Pests and their Control","author":"Buckle AP","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","unstructured":"JohnsonGDandFagerstoneKA Primary and secondary hazards of zinc phosphide to nontarget wildlife\u2014a review of the literature. United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Colorado DWRC Research Report No. 11\u201055\u2010005 (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"227","article-title":"Optimum concentration of zinc phosphide in rodenticidal baits against the common vole (Microtus arvalis)","volume":"39","author":"Tkadlec E","year":"1990","journal-title":"Folia Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-8305(02)00040-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR01023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","unstructured":"KeithJOandO'NeillEJ Investigations of a goose mortality resulting from the use of zinc phosphide as a rodenticide. Pesticide\u2010Wildlife Studies. Fish Wildl. Circ. 199 US Dept Int. US Fish and Wildlife Service Washington DC pp.59\u201360(1964)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"147","article-title":"Residues of Zn3P2 in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) and secondary poisoning hazards to predators","volume":"39","author":"Tkadlec E","year":"1990","journal-title":"Folia Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Zinc phosphide\u2014a new look at an old rodenticide for field rodents","volume":"5","author":"Hood GA","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc Verteb Pest Conf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","unstructured":"BellHB The hazards of secondary poisoning from zinc phosphide to selected vertebrate species.MS Thesis University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 33pp. (1972)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"38","article-title":"Zinc phosphide as a rodenticide","volume":"38","author":"Schoof HF","year":"1970","journal-title":"Pest Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/416840"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6740315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60219-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2004.12769.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR9840509"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR9830303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"114","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber die abschreckende Wirkung von gef\u00e4rbten Saatgut auf V\u00f6gel (Studies on the repellent effect of dyed seed to birds)","volume":"51","author":"Gemmeke H","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nachrichtenbl Deut Pflanzenschutzd"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-2194(94)00018-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00928.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2005.01027.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/BLe-010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Advances in Vertebrate Pest Management II","author":"Moran S","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1224"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.1476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.1476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:17:53Z","timestamp":1761045473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.1476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.1476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.1476","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-01-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-03-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}