{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T17:37:50Z","timestamp":1769017070546,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]],"date-time":"2008-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND<\/jats:bold> Unlike synthetic pesticides, azadirachtin\u2010based neem pesticides are environmentally friendly and are well known for their diverse pest control properties. Their use is, however, limited by the instability of azadirachtin, necessitating application at short intervals. The efficacy of relatively stable tetrahydroazadirachtin\u2010A, therefore, needed to be established under field conditions.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> Azadirachtin\u2010A (Aza\u2010A), its stable derivative tetrahydroazadirachtin\u2010A (THA) and other neem pesticides have been evaluated for their field efficacy against major insect pests of okra, <jats:italic>Abelmoschus esculentus<\/jats:italic> (L.) Moench., during summer (kharif) 2003 and 2004. The optimum doses of Aza\u2010A and THA against the fruit borer, <jats:italic>Earias vittella<\/jats:italic> F., were also established. Reductions in population of whitefly, <jats:italic>Bemisia tabaci<\/jats:italic> (Genn.), and leafhopper (jassid), <jats:italic>Amrasca biguttulla biguttulla<\/jats:italic> Ishida, after application of THA or endosulfan was evident up to 10 days after treatment (DAT), whereas with Aza\u2010A and NeemAzal<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (NZ) the effect was observed up to 7 DAT only. Endosulfan and THA also caused higher reduction in the larvae of shoot and fruit borer <jats:italic>E. vittella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. insulana<\/jats:italic> Boisd., and recorded the highest yields of 4600 and 4180 kg ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The efficacy of THA (0.05 g L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> emulsion) was comparable with that of 0.5 g L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> endosulfan emulsion in reducing fruit borer infestation, the reduction over the control being 86.0 and 87.3%, 84.9 and 94.1% and 90.2 and 92.6% at first, second and third picking. THA 0.02 g L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and Aza\u2013A 0.05 g L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> were on a par. Laboratory\u2010made neem oil emulsifiable concentrate was the least effective, but was superior to untreated check.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold> Three consecutive sprays of THA, a neem\u2010based biopesticide, and endosulfan have been found to be superior in controlling field pests of okra to Aza\u2010A and NZ, which were on a par. THA thus holds potential as a component of pest management strategies against okra pests. Copyright \u00a9 2008 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]],"date-time":"2008-06-06T11:46:27Z","timestamp":1212752787000},"page":"1187-1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Field efficacy of azadirachtin\u2010A, tetrahydroazadirachtin\u2010A, NeemAzal<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> and endosulfan against key pests of okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Swaran","family":"Dhingra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Walia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jitendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shivendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyanendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balraj S","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"893","volume-title":"The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and other Meliaceous Plants","author":"Schmutterer H","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.35.010190.001415"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","unstructured":"AmbedkarJS PawarASandSakhareMV Evaluation of some neem formulations against sucking pests on okra.Proc Nat Symp on Crop Pest and Disease Management: Challenges for the Next Millennium New Delhi pp.63(1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Effectiveness of neem\u2010based products (Azadirachtin) against Tetranychus macfarlanei (Tetranychidae) on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) and their safety to predatory mites","volume":"10","author":"Rai AB","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neem Newsletter"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Bio\u2010ecology and chemical control of spider mite, Tetranychus ludeni Zecher, on okra","volume":"21","author":"Kumar V","year":"1993","journal-title":"Indian J Plant Prot"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Effect of azadirachtin and some conventional acaricides against two\u2010spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch","volume":"6","author":"Singh RN","year":"1999","journal-title":"Shashpa"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Field trial of neem products for the control of okra flea beetles (Podagrica spp.) in south eastern Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Emosairue SO","year":"1997","journal-title":"Global J Pure and Appl Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","first-page":"367","article-title":"Efficacy and economics of some insecticides and plant products against the infestation of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella F","volume":"12","author":"Shukla A","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crop Res (Hisar)"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","unstructured":"NiwasRandParmarBS A process for the preparation of 22 23\u2010dihydroazadirachtin\u2010A rich concentrates from azadirachtin\u2010A rich concentrates. Indian Patent 190847 (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","unstructured":"WaliaS SharmaV KumarJandParmarBS Improvements in or relating to the preparation of reduced azadirachtin(s). Indian Patent Application 1126\/DEL (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","unstructured":"ParmarBS ReddyC WaliaSandKumarJ Light heat and water resistant neem meliacin concentrates and products with controlled release. Indian Patent Application 2150\/DEL (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","first-page":"66","article-title":"Degradation and bioactivity of azadirachtin\u2010A and dihydroazadirachtin\u2010A based neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) formulations","volume":"13","author":"Niwas R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pestic Res J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","unstructured":"ParmarBSandWaliaS Achievements in Neem Research Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi India Success Story No. 5 ICN:31 29pp. (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0342167"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1265"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Book of Abstracts, Natl Symp on Frontier Areas of Entomological Research","author":"Dhingra S","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Stable neem pesticide: field appraisal of tetrahydroazadirachtin against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt)","volume":"76","author":"Dhingra S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Agric Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","unstructured":"KumarJandParmarBS A process for the preparation of powdered azadirachtin\u2010A rich concentrates from neem. Indian Patent 190802 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Agricultural Worker","author":"Panse VG","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/78.6.1179"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","first-page":"140","article-title":"Bioactivity of some formulations of neem seed extracts against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.)","volume":"69","author":"Dimetry NZ","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pestic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2005.01009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Field efficacy of neem based insecticides against whitefly and their impact on insect pest complex of cotton","volume":"13","author":"Mann GS","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pestic Res J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","first-page":"206","article-title":"Effect of neem based insecticides on survival of life stages of whitefly Bemisia tabaci on cotton","volume":"64","author":"Mann GS","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Entomol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"Impact of different insecticides used for boll worm control on the population of jassids and whitefly in cotton","volume":"12","author":"Mohan M","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pestic Res J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","first-page":"431","article-title":"Efficacy of insecticide and neem against Bemisia tabaci Genn. and yellow mosaic virus in moong bean","volume":"14","author":"Kumar R","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals Pl Prot Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","first-page":"271","article-title":"Efficacy and economics of neem based products against cotton jassid Amrasca biguttulla biguttulla Ishida in okra","volume":"26","author":"Singh AK","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crop Res (Hisar)"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Efficacy of some insecticides against okra fruit borer Earias sp. and leaf\u2010roller Sylepta derogata Fab","volume":"10","author":"Misra RP","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals Pl Prot Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Proc Indian Symp on Invertebrate Reproduction","author":"Samuthiravelu P","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0418.2002.00649.x"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.1615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.1615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:50:21Z","timestamp":1761054621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.1615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.1615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.1615","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-08-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-03-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-06-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}