{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:19:06Z","timestamp":1791091146262,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,18]],"date-time":"2010-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1276819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Pediculosis is the most prevalent parasitic infestation of humans. Resistance to pyrethrin\u2010 and pyrethroid\u2010based pediculicides is due to knockdown (<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>)\u2010type point mutations in the voltage\u2010sensitive sodium channel \u03b1\u2010subunit gene. Early detection of resistance is crucial for the selection of effective management strategies.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> <jats:italic>Kdr<\/jats:italic> allele frequencies of lice from 14 countries were determined using the serial invasive signal amplification reaction. Lice collected from Uruguay, the United Kingdom and Australia had <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> allele frequencies of 100%, while lice from Ecuador, Papua New Guinea, South Korea and Thailand had <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> allele frequencies of 0%. The remaining seven countries investigated, including seven US populations, two Argentinian populations and populations from Brazil, Denmark, Czech Republic, Egypt and Israel, displayed variable <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> allele frequencies, ranging from 11 to 97%.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold> The newly developed and validated SISAR method is suitable for accurate monitoring of <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> allele frequencies in head lice. Proactive management is needed where <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\u2010type resistance is not yet saturated. Based on sodium channel insensitivity and its occurrence in louse populations resistant to pyrethrin\u2010 and pyrethroid\u2010based pediculicides, the T917I mutation appears to be a key marker for resistance. Results from the Egyptian population, however, indicate that phenotypic resistance of lice with single or double mutations (M815I and\/or L920F) should also be determined. 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