{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:10:32Z","timestamp":1761059432438,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]],"date-time":"2011-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a decapeptide (Tyr\u2010Asp\u2010Pro\u2010Ala\u2010Pro<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>) isolated from the ovaries of the adult yellow fever mosquito, <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>, regulates trypsin biosynthesis. TMOF <jats:italic>per os<\/jats:italic> is insecticidal to larval mosquitoes and a good model for the development of technologies to enhance protein insecticide activity by reduced catabolism and\/or enhanced delivery to the target.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> TFA\u2010TMOF\u2010K (TFA = trifluoro acetyl) allowed the specific conjugation of monodispersed, aliphatic polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the amino group of lysine\u2010producing TMOF\u2010K\u2010methyl(ethyleneglycol)<jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\u2010<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010propionyl (TMOF\u2010K\u2010PEG<jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>P). The addition of lysine to TMOF reduced its <jats:italic>per os<\/jats:italic> larval mosquitocidal activity relative to the parent TMOF, but conjugation of TMOF\u2010K with methyl(ethyleneglycol)<jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\u2010<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010propionyl increased its toxicity 5.8\u2010 and 10.1\u2010fold above that of TMOF and TMOF\u2010K for <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti.<\/jats:italic> Enhanced insecticidal activity was also found for larval <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic> and for neonates of <jats:italic>Heliothis virescens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Heliocoverpa zea<\/jats:italic>. Only TMOF\u2010K was found by MS\/MS in the hemolymph for <jats:italic>H. virescens<\/jats:italic> fed on TMOF\u2010K\u2010PEG<jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>P. No TMOF, TMOF\u2010K or PEGylated TMOF\u2010K was detected in the hemolymph after topical applications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold> This research suggests that aliphatic PEG polymers can be used as a new method for increasing the activity of insecticidal proteins. 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