{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T02:15:32Z","timestamp":1783649732470,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,3]],"date-time":"2011-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the level of resistance to bromadiolone among rats on farms suspected of being foci of resistance by using the international normalised ratio (INR)\u2010based blood clotting response (BCR) test. Whether the level of reduced susceptibility constitutes \u2018practical resistance\u2019 was subsequently determined in field trials.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The 2.5 multiple of the ED\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    baseline was used to test for the incidence of resistance, and higher multiples in the range of the suspected resistance factor were used to investigate the degree of resistance. The ED\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of bromadiolone in resistant rats were confirmed in the range 4.70\u20137.05 mg kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for males and 4.62\u20136.61 mg kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for females. Variations within these ranges appeared between farms. According to the BCR resistance tests, 50\u2013100% of rats were classified as resistant prior to the field trials; 29\u2013100% of rats survived the treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    BCR tests based on the use of the INR and baselines are suitable for determining the incidence and for assessing the level of resistance in populations of Norway rats. The majority of rats of the Westphalian resistant strain, characterised by the Y139C marker in VKOR, are resistant to bromadiolone under practical control conditions. Copyright \u00a9 2011 Society of Chemical Industry\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,3]],"date-time":"2011-10-03T08:35:11Z","timestamp":1317630911000},"page":"348-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Resistance tests and field trials with bromadiolone for the control of Norway rats (\n                    <i>Rattus norvegicus<\/i>\n                    ) on farms in Westphalia, Germany"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Endepols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Klemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan P","family":"Buckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01894024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Proc 16th Vertebr Pest Conf","author":"Pospischil R","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780430110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003359901073"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367779780937852"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3809316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","unstructured":"Guidelines for the efficacy evaluation of plant protection products: testing rodents for resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides. OEPP\/EPPO PP 1\/198(1) pp.131\u2013137(1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","unstructured":"PrescottCV A Reappraisal of Blood Clotting Response Tests for Anticoagulant Resistance and a Proposal for a Standardised BCR Test Methodology.[Online]. Technical Monograph RRAC CropLife International Brussels Belgium (2003). Available:http:\/\/rrac.info\/downloads\/technical_monograph_2003_BCR.pdf.[30 April 2010]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670870701245249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670870701427045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670870701469872"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.17.e88"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.040360"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","unstructured":"Guidelines for the biological evaluation of rodenticides. No. 2: Field tests against synanthropic rodents (Mus musculus Rattus norvegicus andR. rattus). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Paris OEPP\/EPPO PP 1\/114(2) pp.102\u2013113(1982)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","unstructured":"Technical notes for guidance. Efficacy evaluation of rodenticides (product type 14). Product evaluation\u2014appendices to Chapter 7. European Commission Brussels Belgium Document CA\u2010May08\u2010Doc.6.8: 25 (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00024-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"185","article-title":"Rats and the placement of rodenticide baits for their eradication on indoor livestock farms","volume":"52","author":"Endepols S","year":"2004","journal-title":"NJAS"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","unstructured":"Baytool Rat Control Plan.[Online]. Bayer CropScience (2006). Available:http:\/\/www.baytool.info\/html\/ratten.htm and http:\/\/www.baytool.de\/de\/baytool\/de\/ratten\/bekaempfungsplan\/[30 April 2010]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-5214(04)80012-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"239","article-title":"The detection of rodent resistance to anticoagulants","volume":"48","author":"Drummond DC","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dietary vitamin K intake and anticoagulation in elderly patients","volume":"10","author":"Rohde LE","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3809086"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Rodent Pests and their Control","author":"Greaves JH","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"242","article-title":"Consequences of the Y139F Vkorc1 mutation on resistance to AVKs: in\u2010vivo investigation in a 7th generation of congenic Y139F strain of rats","volume":"19","author":"Grandemagne A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genom"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.2268","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.2268","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:07:49Z","timestamp":1761070069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.2268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,3]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.2268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.2268","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-07-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-10-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}