{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:48:19Z","timestamp":1791215299690,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,14]],"date-time":"2011-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nucleotide polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene can be linked to anticoagulant rodenticide resistance in Norway rats (\n                    <jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Berkenhout). This provides a fitness advantage to rats exposed to anticoagulant actives, but may also cause fitness costs. The vitamin K requirement and reproductive parameters of bromadiolone\u2010resistant rats (Westphalian resistant strain; VKOR variant Tyr139Cys) and bromadiolone\u2010susceptible Norway rats were compared.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>At vitamin K deficiency, blood clotting times increased in all homozygous resistant males within 8 days and in 80% of homozygous resistant females within 15 days. There was little effect on blood clotting in heterozygous males and no effect in heterozygous females and VKOR wild\u2010type individuals. Litter size was about 20% higher in sensitive pairs compared with resistant pairs. Testes growth, male gonad weight, sperm motility and testis cell concentration were unaffected by the mutation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The VKOR variant Tyr139Cys causes considerable physiological cost in Norway rats in terms of vitamin K requirement and reproduction. This may affect the distribution and spread of resistant individuals in the wild. Decreased litter size of resistant parents seems to be due to lowered female reproductive performance, as there was no significant effect of the mutation on any aspects of male reproduction considered, but this requires further study. Copyright \u00a9 2011 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,14]],"date-time":"2011-09-14T08:53:24Z","timestamp":1315990404000},"page":"378-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Vitamin K requirement and reproduction in bromadiolone\u2010resistant Norway rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Endepols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Joachim","family":"Pelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Engelbert","family":"Kampling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor G","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching Hei","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Redmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schlatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/188517a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01894024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.33.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.040360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02214"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1709"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2008.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Advances in Vertebrate Pest Management II","author":"Pelz H\u2010J","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670870701427045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Endepols Rodenticides: indispensable for safe food production","volume":"6","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pesticide Outlook"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","unstructured":"MacVickerH BuckleAandSmithRH Environmental effects of rodenticide resistance.Proc 5th European Vertebrate Pest Management Conference 5\u20138 September 2005 Budapest Hungary p.53(2005)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367780780937616"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.703"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/224284a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367773781008614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Advances in Vertebrate Pest Management II","author":"MacNicoll AD","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0011206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2389816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artres.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1977.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2389886"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Wirbeltierforschung in der Kulturlandschaft\u2014Grundlagen und Anwendung","author":"Pelz H\u2010J","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.17.e88"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","unstructured":"Testing rodents for resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides. 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