{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T13:15:17Z","timestamp":1791033317924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      BACKGROUND: Anticoagulant resistance in Norway rats at foci in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom is genetically characterised by the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and consequent amino acid exchange from tyrosine to cysteine at location 139 of the\n                      <jats:italic>vkorc1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene (i.e. tyrosine139cysteine or Y139C). The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of resistance among rats at two infested farm sites in the Y139C focus in Westphalia, Germany, using blood clotting response (BCR) tests, and to determine the practical efficacy of applications of a commercial 50 ppm difenacoum bait (Neokil\n                      <jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) against them.\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS: BCR tests showed that the difenacoum resistance factor (RF) among the Y139C rats was about 2.5. DNA analysis for the Y139C mutation revealed that it was present among rats at the two sites with a prevalence of 75 and 93%. Applications of difenacoum bait at the two sites achieved 86.8 and 59.9% control. The different outcomes did not appear to be due to differences either in the degree and prevalence of resistance or in the quantities of poisoned bait consumed.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSION: The study showed that, although the RF for difenacoum among rats carrying the Y139C SNP was apparently low, an acceptable level of control of resistant Norway rat infestations was not achieved using difenacoum. Continued use of anticoagulants against rats that are resistant to them will exacerbate resistance problems in terms of both increased severity and prevalence. These conclusions are likely to apply elsewhere in Europe where the Y139C SNP occurs. Copyright \u00a9 2012 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T11:06:15Z","timestamp":1338462375000},"page":"233-239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Resistance testing and the effectiveness of difenacoum against Norway rats (\n                    <i>Rattus norvegicus<\/i>\n                    ) in a tyrosine139cysteine focus of anticoagulant resistance, Westphalia, Germany"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Alan","family":"Buckle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Endepols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Klemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Directive 98\/8\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Commission of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market","volume":"123","year":"1998","journal-title":"Off J Eur Communities"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"387","volume-title":"Public Health Significance of Urban Pests","author":"Battersby S","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200007774X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/253275a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400046957"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400046969"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400069370"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400070820"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Rat control strategies in organic pig and poultry production with special reference to rodenticide resistance and feeding behaviour","volume":"52","author":"Pelz H\u2010J","year":"2004","journal-title":"NJAS"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670870701427045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e32832ee55b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670870701245249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670870701469872"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2268"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780430110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Advances in Vertebrate Pest Management. 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Report INBO.R.2011.16 D\/2011\/3241\/168 Institut voor Natuur en Bosanderzoek (INBO) 14pp. (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","series-title":"Efficacy Evaluation of Plant Protection Products\u2014EPPO Standards (PP1)","volume-title":"Nematicides, Rodenticides, Side Effects, Others","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"Efficacy: Main Group 3. Pest Control. PT 14 Rodenticides. Technical Notes for Guidance on Product Evaluation. Appendices to Chapter 7. Product Type 14. Efficacy Evaluation of Rodenticidal Biocidal Products[Online]. European Commission Brussels Belgium 22 pp. (2009).http:\/\/ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/documents\/Biocides\/TECHNICAL_NOTES_FOR_GUIDANCE\/TNsG_PRODUCT_EVALUATION\/Revised_Appendix_Chapter_7_PT14_2009.pdf[4 May 2011]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00024-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670874.2010.537793"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.17.e88"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.040360"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780430113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Rodent Pests and their Control","author":"Greaves JH","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00368.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2011.06.009"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.3373","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.3373","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.3373","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T16:56:01Z","timestamp":1761065761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.3373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.3373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.3373","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-12-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-05-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-12-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}