{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:41:26Z","timestamp":1791132086392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Parasitic sea lice are a major challenge for salmon aquaculture. This is especially due to the recent development of resistance to emamectin benzoate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content>) in the parasite. We investigated: (1) whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> treatment success in Grand Manan, Bay of Fundy, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NB<\/jats:styled-content>, Canada can be explained through <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> bioassay and P\u2010glycoprotein (P\u2010gp) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression studies; (2) if other populations of sea lice not under <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> selective pressure possess similar <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> sensitivity as Grand Manan sea lice populations; and (3) the heritability of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> resistance in <jats:italic>Lepeophtheirus salmonis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> bioassay results indicated population, species, sex and temporal differences in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> values. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT\u2010qPCR<\/jats:styled-content> analyses revealed population and sex differences in P\u2010gp <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels, correlating with the bioassay results. Laboratory\u2010reared sea lice maintained their <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> sensitivity status up to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F3<\/jats:styled-content> generation. <jats:italic>Caligus\u2009elongatus<\/jats:italic>, collected from Grand Manan showed more than twofold lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> values compared with <jats:italic>L.\u2009salmonis<\/jats:italic> collected from the same site. Concurrent exposure to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> and verapamil yielded no increase in <jats:italic>C.\u2009elongatus<\/jats:italic> sensitivity to the parasiticide<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Sea lice bioassay and P\u2010gp <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> studies can be used to track <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> resistance and sex differences in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content> sensitivity and P\u2010gp <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels exist in the parasite. \u00a9 2013 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,26]],"date-time":"2013-07-26T22:50:29Z","timestamp":1374879029000},"page":"905-914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Sea lice population and sex differences in P\u2010glycoprotein expression and emamectin benzoate resistance on salmon farms in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Okechukwu O","family":"Igboeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada"},{"name":"Hoplite Research Group, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F","family":"Burka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Prince Edward Island Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.30.081804.121034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845938062.0350"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.509"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(94)00331-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Recombinant vaccines against caligid copepods (sea lice) and antigen sequences thereof","author":"Ross NW","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Novel sea lice vaccine","author":"Frost P","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.08.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"An orally administered alternative to the organophosphate \u2018Nuvan\u2019 for the control of sea lice in cage farmed Atlantic salmon","author":"Smith PR","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aquaculture International Congress Abstracts"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(99)00307-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2109.2000.00510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao017101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao050029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283936"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.1999.00176.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112800399158"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2004.01101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"WestcottJD RevieCW GiffinBLandHammellKL Evidence of sea liceLepeophtheirus\u2009salmonistolerance to emamectin benzoate in New Brunswick Canada. 8th International Sea Lice Conference Victoria BC pp.85(2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"Hjelmervik TO SevatdalS EspedalPG KongshaugH GloverK NilsenF et\u2009al Sequencing of target genes in salmon lice resistant to emamectin benzoate pyrethroids or both. 8th International Sea Lice Conference Victoria BC pp.36(2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02517"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01887"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2011.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02379.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007000091"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of Bay Management Area scenarios for the southwestern New Brunswick salmon aquaculture industry","author":"Chang BD"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-research0034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12063"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es60130a004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)80078-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(76)90037-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.08.1342","article-title":"Inheritance of cambendazole resistance in Haemonchus\u2009contortus","volume":"42","author":"Herlich H","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00172-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.1998.00365.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000049179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(88)90109-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00194-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90024-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/4.4.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00068-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2000.00225.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1999.0229"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1139\/f99-021","article-title":"Infection with low numbers of the sea louse Lepeophtheirus\u2009salmonis induces stress\u2010related effects in postsmolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo\u2009salar)","volume":"56","author":"Nolan DT","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z89-150"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","unstructured":"WE Hogans 2067"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2617.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","article-title":"Use of Atlantic salmon, Salmo\u2009salar L., farm treatment data and bioassays to assess for resistance of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus\u2009salmonis, to emamectin benzoate (SLICE\u00ae) in British Columbia, Canada","author":"Saksida SM","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050673"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.22.575"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03347.x"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.3620","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.3620","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.3620","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:50:30Z","timestamp":1761058230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.3620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.3620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.3620","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-07-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-08-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}