{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:55:39Z","timestamp":1790009739128,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n \n An increasing number of publications have claimed that demethylation inhibitor (\n DMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) fungicides are confronted with resistance development in the fungus\n Aspergillus\u2009fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n and that the origin of resistant isolates may also be outside the medical area. For resistance risk assessment and sourcing the origin of\n DMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n resistance, the primary exposure events of\n A.\u2009fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n with\n DMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n treatments have been analysed case by case, resulting in the pathogen exposure risk (\n PER<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\n <\/jats:bold>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n \n The calculated maximum exposure concentrations (\n MEC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) are highest during medical treatments (human and veterinary), certain fruit and seed treatments and wood preservation, and are much lower for crop protection applications. Most agricultural\n DMIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n are intrinsically\u2009\u223c\u200910\u2013100 times less active than medical\n DMIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n for\n A.\u2009fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n control and potential resistance selection. However, imazalil is used in agriculture and veterinary medicine (as enilconazole) expressing strong intrinsic activity against\n A.\u2009fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n . The majority of mutations in the target gene,\n cyp51<\/jats:italic>\n , of\n DMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010resistant isolates are different in\n A.\u2009fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n (e.g.\n TR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 34<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n L98H<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) in comparison with plant pathogens (e.g.\n A379G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n I381V<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\n <\/jats:bold>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n \n \n The assumed selection risk,\n ASR<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n MEC<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009\u00d7\u2009\n PER<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for resistance evolution to\n DMIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n in\n A.\u2009fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n is estimated to be highest for human and veterinary applications. However, environmental origin of\n DMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010resistant spores from certain sites cannot be ruled out. \u00a9 2013 Society of Chemical Industry\n <\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T22:41:59Z","timestamp":1381531319000},"page":"352-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Assessment of selection and resistance risk for demethylation inhibitor fungicides in\n Aspergillus\u2009fumigatus<\/i>\n in agriculture and medicine: a critical review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Gisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Compendium of Soil Fungi","author":"Domsch KH","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00055-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"SchmidtS http:\/\/www.allum.de\/stoffe\u2010und\u2010ausloeser\/schimmelpilze\/schimmelpilzbelastung\u2010der\u2010aussenluft\u2010und\u2010im\u2010innenraum(2012)."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"New RKI\u2010KRINKO recommendation for immuno\u2010compromised patients: grading of immunosuppression, hospital ventilation requirements and infection prevention in the domestic environment","volume":"15","author":"Engelhart S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Umweltmed Forsch Prax"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600779419"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"ScheerC Nachweis vonAspergillus\u2010fumigatus\u2010Infektionen aus dem Respirationstrakt mittels TaqMan\u2010PCR.Dissertation Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t der Charit\u00e9\u2010Universit\u00e4t Berlin(2006) (in German)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-006-5660-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noninvasive intranasal infusion of enilconazole in dogs with nasal Aspergillosis. Veterinary mycoses, a treatment protocol\u00a0\u2013\u00a0nasal Aspergillosis","author":"Saunders JH","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2003.00456.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(98)00391-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Mycotoxigenicity of clinical and environmental Aspergillus\u2009fumigatus and A.\u2009flavus isolates","volume":"55","author":"Kosalec I","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Pharmaceut"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527644179.ch19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031801"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Chemistry of Crop Protection","author":"Sierotzki H","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds V","author":"Gisi U","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500090826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.3.702","article-title":"Amphotericin B\u2010 and fluconazole\u2010resistant Candida spp., Aspergillus\u2009fumigatus and other newly emerging pathogenic fungi are susceptible to basic antifungal peptides","volume":"43","author":"Helmerhorst EJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agent Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","author":"Hof H","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multiresistente Pilze. Ein neuer Grund f\u00fcr Isolierung von Patienten?"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2000.0747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.090043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70265-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00231-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00692-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"A4458","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus\u2009fumigatus in the Netherlands\u00a0\u2013\u00a0increase due to environmental fungicides?","volume":"156","author":"Verweij PE","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.2.568-574.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3314\/jjmm.49.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.4.873","article-title":"Efficacy of LY303366 against amphotericin\u2009B\u2010susceptible and \u2010resistant Aspergillus\u2009fumigatus in a murine model of invasive Aspergillosis","volume":"42","author":"Verweij PE","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agent Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1065657X.2001.10702041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"BeckerN http:\/\/www.dhbv.de\/dokumente\/upload\/b807d_der_schimmelpilz_aspergillus_fumigatus_4\u20102009.pdf(2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0959-4493.2001.00282.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"Anonymus http:\/\/www.vetpharm.uzh.ch"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_3.S281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"Anonymus http:\/\/medikamente.onmeda.de"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","article-title":"Innenraum relevante Schimmelpilze in Luftproben","author":"Gabrio T","year":"2010","journal-title":"Umwelt Medizin Gesellschaft, umg 3\/2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","author":"Russell PE","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sensitivity Baselines in Fungicide Resistance Research and Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Mycosphaerella graminicola,\nin Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds V","author":"Chassot C","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr443"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.11.3592-3597.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2007.00388.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05389-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.3.299.302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-012-0097-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00349-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit320"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2006.AS0362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3355-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.12.3900-3906.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","volume-title":"Boden\u00f6kologie","author":"Gisi U","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds VI","author":"Verweij PE","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","article-title":"FAO\u2013WHO meeting report, Plant Production and Protection Paper 191","author":"Anonymus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pesticide Residues in Food"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","unstructured":"EPAReporthttp:\/\/cfr.vlex.com\/vid\/prothioconazole\u2010tolerances\u2010for\u2010residues\u2010285381831(2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2404979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","unstructured":"Anonymus http:\/\/www.ages.at\/ages\/ernaehrungssicherheit\/rueckstaende\u2010kontaminanten\/pflanzenschutzmittel\u2010rueckstaende\u2010in\u2010lebensmittel\/zitrusfruechte\u2010untersuchungen\/(2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420006216"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","first-page":"15.1","volume-title":"Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material","author":"Lebow ST","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Long\u2010term outdoor efficacy trials of wood treated with organic biocides and co\u2010added non\u2010biocidal additives","volume":"104","author":"Schultz TP","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Wood Protection Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1590369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4195-9"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.3664","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.3664","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:13:15Z","timestamp":1761070395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.3664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.3664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.3664","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-05-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-10-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-11-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}