{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T05:46:49Z","timestamp":1770443209829,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]],"date-time":"2015-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary toxicity in mammals and birds that consume animals containing residues of anticoagulant rodenticides represents a persistent conflict between conservation, agriculture and environmental contamination. Chlorophacinone residues in black\u2010tailed prairie dogs (<jats:italic>Cynomys ludovicianus<\/jats:italic>) represent a secondary exposure hazard to predatory and scavenging avian and mammalian species in the Central Plains of the United States, especially considering efforts to re\u2010establish black\u2010footed ferrets (<jats:italic>Mustela nigripes<\/jats:italic>). Rozol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Prairie Dog Bait (chlorophacinone 0.005%) is registered to control black\u2010tailed prairie dogs in ten states throughout the midwestern and western United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We fed Rozol Prairie Dog Bait to captive black\u2010tailed prairie dogs for 2 days and analyzed their livers and whole bodies (without livers) for chlorophacinone residue on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18 and 27 post\u2010exposure. We found the greatest levels of residues in livers (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ps4045-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:1526498X:media:ps4045:ps4045-math-0001\"\/> = 5.499 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and whole bodies (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ps4045-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:1526498X:media:ps4045:ps4045-math-0002\"\/> = 1.281 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) on day 3. Residues in both tissues declined rapidly over time, with estimated half\u2010lives of approximately 6 days post\u2010exposure. However, a risk assessment of secondary toxicity to non\u2010target mammals indicated acute risks for mammalian species up to 27 days post\u2010exposure and negligible risks for birds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results suggest that the greatest risk of secondary toxicity occurs \u226414 days post\u2010application of Rozol Prairie Dog Bait and declines thereafter. This corresponds to the time when chlorophacinone residues are high, and prairie dogs exhibit signs of intoxication and are perhaps most susceptible to predation and scavenging. These results confirm that Rozol Prairie Dog Bait should not be used in areas where black\u2010footed ferrets or other sensitive species occur. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T13:37:31Z","timestamp":1432215451000},"page":"725-730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Retention time of chlorophacinone in black\u2010tailed prairie dogs informs secondary hazards from a prairie dog rodenticide bait"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Gary W","family":"Witmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan P","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachael S","family":"Moulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Prairie Dog Empire: a Saga of the Shortgrass Prairie","author":"Johnsgard PA","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Attitudes of Fort Collins, Colorado, residents toward prairie dogs","volume":"27","author":"Zinn HC","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"426","article-title":"Nonlethal control of prairie dog colony expansion with visual barriers","volume":"17","author":"Franklin WL","year":"1989","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3801968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"AndeltWFandHopperSN.Managing prairie dogs. 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