{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T01:37:34Z","timestamp":1789349854396,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]],"date-time":"2015-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest","award":["Nos. 201303023 and 201103016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 201303023 and 201103016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The dicarboximide fungicide dimethachlone has been widely used in China for more than 12 years to control the Sclerotinia stem rot caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      disease. First signs of resistance in the field are reported at low frequency. In this study, four resistant isolate\/mutants were used to explore still unknown mechanisms leading to dimethachlone resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The resistant isolate\/mutants had significantly higher\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        EC\n                        <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      values compared with the sensitive control isolates. Cross\u2010resistance was confirmed between dimethachlone and procymidone, iprodione and fludioxonil. The resistant isolate\/mutants revealed a decreased mycelial growth rate, were less pathogenic on leaves of oilseed rape, were more sensitive to osmotic pressure and oxidative stress and released more electrolytes compared with the sensitive isolates. Only in one lab mutant did we find a point mutation (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V238A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) in the\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SsOs1<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      gene of the high\u2010osmolarity glycerol (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HOG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) signalling pathway. The expression of this gene was lost in the field resistant isolate\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN456<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20101\u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JBJ<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and decreased in mycelium that was subjected to either high osmotic pressure or dimethachlone; however, another key gene in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HOG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      pathway,\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SsHog1<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      , could be induced in the resistant isolate and mutants with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NaCl<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates that resistance to dicarboximide fungicide dimethachlone in\n                      <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      is emerging in China. Several fitness parameters, including mycelial growth rate, sclerotia formed\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , aggressiveness on leaves and osmotic and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        H\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                        O\n                        <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      sensitivity, indicate that the resistant strains may not effectively compete with sensitive isolates in the field in the absence of selection pressure. Lost expression or the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V238A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      point mutation in the\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SsOs1<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      gene may confer resistance to dicarboximide fungicide dimethachlone in\n                      <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , but this study illustrates that other, yet unknown mechanisms also exist. \u00a9 2015 Society of Chemical Industry\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T04:48:57Z","timestamp":1433134137000},"page":"770-779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Exploring mechanisms of resistance to dimethachlone in\n                    <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Md. Jahangir","family":"Firoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu\u2010Xing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan\u2010Ping","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and 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