{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:58:39Z","timestamp":1789808319451,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,31]],"date-time":"2001-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1004486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012592","name":"Foundation for Research, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["C03X0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C03X0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A field tracer experiment, simulating point source contamination, was conducted to investigate attenuation and transport of atrazine, hexazinone and procymidone in a volcanic pumice sand aquifer. Preliminary laboratory incubation tests were also carried out to determine degradation rates. Field transport of the pesticides was observed to be significant under non\u2010equilibrium conditions. Therefore, a two\u2010region\/two\u2010site non\u2010equilibrium transport model, N3DADE, was used for analysis of the field data. A lump reduction rate constant was used in this paper to encompass all the irreversible reduction processes (eg degradation, irreversible adsorption, complexation and filtration for the pesticides adsorbed into particles and colloids) which are assumed to follow a first\u2010order rate law. Results from the field experiment suggest that (a) hexazinone was the most mobile (retardation factor\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2005\u2009=\u20091.4) and underwent least mass reduction; (b) procymidone was the least mobile (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2005\u2009=\u20099.26) and underwent the greatest mass reduction; (c) the mobility of atrazine (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2005\u2009=\u20094.45) was similar to that of rhodamine WT (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2005\u2009=\u20094.10). Hence, rhodamine WT can be used to delimit the appearance of atrazine in pumice sand groundwater. Results from the incubation tests suggest that (a) hexazinone was degraded only in the mixture of groundwater and aquifer material (degradation rate constant\u2009=\u20094.36\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    day\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ); (b) procymidone was degraded not only in the mixture of groundwater and aquifer material (rate constant\u2009=\u20091.12\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    day\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) but also in the groundwater alone (rate constant\u2009=\u20092.79\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    day\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ); (c) atrazine was not degraded over 57 days incubation in either the mixture of aquifer material and groundwater or the groundwater alone. Degradation rates measured in the batch tests were much lower than the total reduction rates. This suggests that not only degradation but also other irreversible processes are important in attenuating pesticides under field conditions. Hence, the use of laboratory\u2010determined degradation rates could underestimate reduction of pesticides in field conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u00a9 2001 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T12:32:22Z","timestamp":1030278742000},"page":"1142-1150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A field tracer study of attenuation of atrazine, hexazinone and procymidone in a pumice sand aquifer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray E","family":"Close","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","series-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","first-page":"164","volume-title":"The SCS\/ARS\/CES Pesticide Database for environmental decision making","author":"Wauchope R D","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00288330.2001.9516992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601239009372674"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","unstructured":"CloseM\u200aE National survey of pesticides in groundwater Institute of Environmental Science and Research Technical Report No CSC 94\/55 22pp. (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(97)00022-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4141\/cjss95-018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","volume-title":"The Pesticide Manual","author":"Tomlin C D S","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","unstructured":"The ARS Pesticide Properties Database www.arsusda.gov\/rsml\/ppdb.html as at May2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","unstructured":"SinclairJ\u200aLandLeeT\u200aR Biodegradation of atrazine in subsurface environments United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Research Brief EPA\/600\/S\u201092\/001 8pp (1992)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1993.00472425002200020005x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","series-title":"Monograph","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Pesticides in Soils and Water: Current Perspectives","author":"Wood M","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7722(95)00061-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00288330.1999.9516877"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00015129009438567"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","unstructured":"MagesanG LeeB CloseMandHadfieldJ Field study of pesticide leaching in an allophanic soil in New Zealand\u2014site characteristics and experimental results Proceedings of Informal Workshop on Environmental Aspects of Pesticide Use 15\u201316 November Hamilton p15(1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","unstructured":"CloseM PangL MagesanGandStewartM Field study of pesticide leaching in an allophanic soil in New Zealand\u2014model simulations using GLEAMS Proceedings of Informal Workshop on Environmental Aspects of Pesticide Use 15\u201316 November Hamilton p16(1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00524.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","unstructured":"PangL CloseM\u200aEandSintonL\u200aW Protection zones of the major water supply springs in the Rotorua District Technical report No CSC 96\/7 Institute of Environmental Science and Research PO Box 29181 Christchurch New Zealand 77pp (1996)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","unstructured":"LeijF\u200aJandTorideN N3DADE: A computer program for evaluating non\u2010equilibrium three\u2010dimensional solute transport in porous media USDA Research Report No 143. 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