{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:54:16Z","timestamp":1789743256444,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]],"date-time":"2016-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008791","name":"Bayer CropScience.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the potential of cholecalciferol as an enhancer of the first\u2010generation anticoagulant coumatetralyl in the Westphalia anticoagulant\u2010resistant strain of the Norway rat (<jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic> Berkenhout), characterised by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Tyr139Cys<\/jats:styled-content> polymorphism on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VKOR<\/jats:styled-content> enzyme. Because today only the most potent, but also most persistent anticoagulant rodenticides of the second generation remain available to control this strain, new rodenticide solutions are required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Feeding trials in the laboratory confirmed a significant level of efficacy, which was corroborated by field trials in the M\u00fcnsterland resistance area. After frequency and level of resistance were assessed by blood clotting response tests, field trials were conducted with bait containing coumatetralyl at 375\u2009mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and cholecalciferol at 50\u2009mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> or 100\u2009mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Control success was 94% when a large rat infestation comprising 42% resistant animals was treated. Another field trial applying the combination to a rat population that had survived a preceding treatment with bromadiolone resulted in a 99.5% control success according to the first census day, but with some increase in rat activity during subsequent census days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The combination of coumatetralyl and cholecalciferol is a promising alternative approach to the most potent second\u2010generation anticoagulants in resistance management, particularly in respect of environmental risks, such as secondary poisoning. \u00a9 2016 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T09:03:29Z","timestamp":1453453409000},"page":"280-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The potential of coumatetralyl enhanced by cholecalciferol in the control of anticoagulant\u2010resistant Norway rats (<i>Rattus norvegicus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Endepols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer CropScience R&amp;D\u2010ES  Monheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Klemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Office  48231 Warendorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Geo\u00f6kologie Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz\u2010Rainer","family":"Matuschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Potsdam  Hochschulambulanz Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01894024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780430110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3373"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2268"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003359901073"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.11.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"236","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Hosea RC","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2338.1989.tb01153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Exposure of non\u2010target vertebrates to second\u2010generation rodenticides in Britain, with special reference to the polecat Mustela putorius","volume":"23","author":"Shore RF","year":"1999","journal-title":"NZ J Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"312","article-title":"Risks to predatory vertebrates from anticoagulant rodenticides in the UK","author":"Shore RF","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc 3rd Int Wildlife Management Congress"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.1995.9518055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Empirical evidence of side\u2010effects of rodenticides on some predatory birds and mammals","volume":"1","author":"Newton I","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Vertebr Pest Manag"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(98)00141-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"485","article-title":"Assessment of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in six raptor species from the Canary Islands (Spain)","volume":"371","author":"Ruiz\u2010Su\u00e1rez N","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.12.042"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Cumatetralyl as an avicide against the Cape sparrow","volume":"7","author":"He\u00ffl CW","year":"1986","journal-title":"S Afr J Enol Vitic"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"457","volume-title":"Rats, Mice and People: Rodent Biology and Managament","author":"Fisher P","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR02006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"673","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests, Praha","author":"Berny PJ","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Pospischil R","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"Technical notes for guidance. 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