{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:30:07Z","timestamp":1790731807058,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,25]],"date-time":"2016-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003524","name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anticoagulant toxins are used globally to control rats. Resistance of <jats:italic>Rattus<\/jats:italic> species to these toxins now occurs in at least 18 countries in Europe, America and Asia. Resistance is often associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNPs<\/jats:styled-content>) in the <jats:italic>Vkorc1<\/jats:italic> gene. This study gives a first overview of the distribution and frequency of <jats:italic>Vkorc1<\/jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNPs<\/jats:styled-content> in rats in New Zealand. New Zealand is unusual in having no native rodents but three species of introduced <jats:italic>Rattus\u00a0\u2013\u00a0norvegicus<\/jats:italic> Berk., <jats:italic>rattus<\/jats:italic> L. and <jats:italic>exulans<\/jats:italic> Peale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sequence variants occurred in at least one species of rat at all 30 of the sites sampled. Three new <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNPs<\/jats:styled-content> were identified, one in kiore and two in ship rats. No <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNPs<\/jats:styled-content> previously associated with resistance were found in Norway rats or kiore, but seven ship rats were heterozygous and one homozygous for the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A74T<\/jats:styled-content> variant. Its resultant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Tyr25Phe<\/jats:styled-content> mutation has previously been associated with resistance to both first\u2010 and second\u2010generation anticoagulants in ship rats in Spain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first evidence of potential resistance to anticoagulant toxins in rats in New Zealand. Further testing using blood clotting response times in dosed rats is needed to confirm resistance potentially conferred by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Tyr25Phe<\/jats:styled-content> mutation. Assessment is also needed of the potential of the other non\u2010synonymous variants (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Ala14Val<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Ala26Val<\/jats:styled-content>) recorded in this study to confer resistance to anticoagulant toxins. \u00a9 2016 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]],"date-time":"2016-04-27T10:46:22Z","timestamp":1461753982000},"page":"262-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["<i>Vkorc1<\/i> sequencing suggests anticoagulant resistance in rats in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Phil E","family":"Cowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Landcare Research  Lincoln New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianne M","family":"Gleeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landcare Research and EcoGene\u00ae  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"University of Canberra  ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn LJ","family":"Howitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landcare Research and EcoGene\u00ae  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ram\u00f3n\u2010Laca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landcare Research and EcoGene\u00ae  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Esther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius K\u00fchn Institute  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Joachim","family":"Pelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius K\u00fchn Institute  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.040360"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-10-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Lund M","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Rats and Mice","author":"Meehan AP","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-11-43"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801507105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals","author":"Atkinson IAE","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"174","volume-title":"The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals","author":"Innes J","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Ministry for Primary Industries, Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines: Register and Lists","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Code of Practice: Aerial and Hand Broadcast Application of Pestoff\u00ae Rodent Bait 20R for the Intended Eradication of Rodents from Specified Areas of New Zealand","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Anticoagulant residues in rats and secondary non\u2010target risk. 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