{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T04:16:25Z","timestamp":1765253785627,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vertebrate Pest Control Research Advisory Committee of the California Department of Food and Agriculture"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rodenticides are often included as part of an integrated pest management approach for managing pocket gophers (<jats:italic>Thomomys<\/jats:italic> spp.) given that they are relatively quick and inexpensive to apply. Strychnine has historically been the most effective toxicant for pocket gophers, but its use is currently limited in the United States; alternative registered toxicants have not proven effective. Recent research with baits containing cholecalciferol plus anticoagulant toxicants proved effective against pocket gophers in a lab setting. Therefore, we established a field study to compare cholecalciferol plus anticoagulant combinations [0.03% cholecalciferol plus 0.005% diphacinone (C\u2009+\u2009D), 0.015% cholecalciferol plus 0.0025% brodifacoum (C\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B1<\/jats:styled-content>), 0.03% cholecalciferol plus 0.0025% brodifacoum (C\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B2<\/jats:styled-content>)] with strychnine (0.5%) for pocket gopher management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Strychnine treatments resulted in 100% efficacy after two treatment periods. Both C\u2009+\u2009D and C\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B2<\/jats:styled-content> resulted in efficacy significantly greater than 70% after two treatment periods (83 and 75% respectively). Efficacy from C\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B1<\/jats:styled-content> (85%) was not significantly greater than 70%, but did yield high overall efficacy as well.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although strychnine remains the most effective rodenticide for pocket gopher control, the cholecalciferol plus anticoagulant baits tested would be a good alternative when strychnine is unavailable. C\u2009+\u2009D may be the best option given that it uses a first\u2010generation anticoagulant as the synergist. \u00a9 2016 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T07:09:43Z","timestamp":1462259383000},"page":"118-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Novel and current rodenticides for pocket gopher <i>Thomomys<\/i> spp. management in vineyards: what works?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Roger A","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology University of California  Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Meinerz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology University of California  Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary W","family":"Witmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"662","article-title":"Pocket gophers and reforestation on western forests","volume":"80","author":"Crouch GL","year":"1982","journal-title":"J For"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Survey of mammal damage to tree fruit orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia","volume":"61","author":"Sullivan TP","year":"1987","journal-title":"NW Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Marsh RE","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12067"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation","author":"Baker RJ","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009649614385"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Tickes BR","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Campbell DL","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-2194(97)00111-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Nineteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Stewart WB","year":"2000"},{"volume-title":"A re\u2010evaluation of potential rodenticides for aerial control of rodents. 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