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We describe a survey of 426 Norway rats originating from five European countries and different habitats for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp., rickettsiae, orthopoxvirus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPV<\/jats:styled-content>), avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMPV<\/jats:styled-content>) and rat polyomavirus (rat <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyV<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in 60 out of 420 (14.3%) rats, and <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> DNA was found in three out of 369 (0.8%) rats investigated. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based typing resulted in the identification of <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> sequence type 17, which corresponds to the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, and <jats:italic>Rickettsia helvetica<\/jats:italic> respectively. Rat <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyV DNA<\/jats:styled-content> was detected in 103 out of 421 (24.5%) rats. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPV DNA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aMPV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> were detected in none of the rats, but <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific antibodies were detected in three out of 388 (0.8%) rats. The frequency of single <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> and rat <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyV<\/jats:styled-content> infections and coinfections was, independent of sex, greater for adults compared with juveniles\/subadults and greater at rural sites compared with urban areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study results indicate a broad geographical distribution of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> DNA in rats within Europe, underlining the need to investigate further the potential mechanisms leading to increased prevalence in rural habitats and to assess the relevance to public health. In contrast, rickettsia and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPV<\/jats:styled-content> infections rarely occurred in wild rat populations. The potential influence of rat <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PyV<\/jats:styled-content> on the susceptibility to infections with other pathogens should be investigated in future studies. \u00a9 2016 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T09:27:58Z","timestamp":1465896478000},"page":"341-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Survey for zoonotic pathogens in Norway rat populations from Europe"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Heuser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Loeffler\u2010Institut Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases  Greifswald\u2010Insel Riems Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Loeffler\u2010Institut Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases  Greifswald\u2010Insel Riems Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Ryll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Loeffler\u2010Institut Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases  Greifswald\u2010Insel Riems Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Mayer\u2010Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Risk Assessment  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donata","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Loeffler\u2010Institut Institute of Diagnostic Virology  Greifswald\u2010Insel Riems Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Spahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Risk Assessment  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Imholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius K\u00fchn\u2010Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forestry, Vertebrate Research  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewi Murni","family":"Alfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Loeffler\u2010Institut Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases  Greifswald\u2010Insel Riems Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Fr\u00f6hlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Loeffler\u2010Institut Institute of Epidemiology  Greifswald\u2010Insel Riems Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00f6rte","family":"L\u00fcschow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine Institute of Poultry Diseases  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reimar","family":"Johne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Risk Assessment  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch\u2010Institute  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Essbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"N\u00f6ckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Risk Assessment  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer G","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Loeffler\u2010Institut Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases  Greifswald\u2010Insel Riems Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Hamburg\u2010Luebeck\u2010Borstel\u2010Insel Riems  Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"894","volume-title":"Superfamily Muroidea. 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