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Infective larvae position themselves in the upper part of the water column to increase encounter probabilities with potential hosts. Previous studies have shown that a \u2018snorkel\u2019 sea\u2010cage technology protects salmon from infection in surface waters. We tested whether deep snorkels would more effectively reduce lice infestation than shallow snorkels and still uphold adequate conditions for the fish. Five sea\u2010cages (12 m \u00d7 12 m) each holding approximately 3000 Atlantic salmon (<jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>) (53 \u00b1 10 g) were fitted with snorkels that gave protection from infection for 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 m. We tested whether reductions in the settlement of new salmon lice copepodids were consistent among four separate infection periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lice infestation decreased exponentially with depth in all time periods. Infection levels in shallow snorkels (0 and 4 m) were consistently 4\u201310 times higher than those in deep snorkels (12 and 16 m). Key welfare and production performance indices were similar across all snorkel depths.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Deeper snorkels dramatically and consistently reduced infection levels of salmon lice compared with shallow snorkels, without consequences for fish welfare and production performance. Therefore, reducing salmon sea lice encounters using a depth\u2010based barrier is a powerful management tool for salmon farming. \u00a9 2017 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T02:52:36Z","timestamp":1488336756000},"page":"1935-1943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Sea lice infestation levels decrease with deeper \u2018snorkel\u2019 barriers in Atlantic salmon sea\u2010cages"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Frode","family":"Oppedal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research  Matredal Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Samsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory \u2013 Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences University of Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Dempster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research  Matredal Norway"},{"name":"Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory \u2013 Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences University of Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel W","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research  Matredal Norway"},{"name":"Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory \u2013 Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences University of Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research  Matredal Norway"},{"name":"Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory \u2013 Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences University of Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars H","family":"Stien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research  Matredal Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Opportunities and Challenges","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0896"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"714","volume":"17","author":"Vollset KW","year":"2016","journal-title":"Impacts of parasites on marine survival of Atlantic salmon: a meta\u2010analysis. 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