{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T20:02:09Z","timestamp":1783195329698,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichogramma pretiosum<\/jats:italic> Riley is an important egg parasitoid and biological control agent of caterpillar pests. We studied the acute toxicity of 20 pesticides (14 insecticides\/miticides, three fungicides and three herbicides) exposed to recommended field rates. Egg, larval, and pupal stages of the parasitoid in their hosts were dipped in formulated solutions of the pesticides and evaluated 10 days later for percentage of host eggs with holes, number of parasitoids emerged per egg with holes, and stage\u2010specific mortality of immature as well as adult wasps within the host eggs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven insecticides (buprofezin, chlorantraniliprole, spirotetramat, flonicamid, flubendiamide) and miticides (spiromesifen, cyflumetofen), one herbicide (nicosulfuron), and three fungicides (myclobutanil, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole) caused no significant mortality to immature stages or pre\u2010emergent adult parasitoids relative to controls. By contrast, seven insecticides\/miticides (abamectin, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, fipronil, novaluron, spinetoram, tolfenpyrad) adversely affected immature and pre\u2010emergent adult <jats:italic>T. pretiosum<\/jats:italic>, with tolfenpyrad being particularly lethal. Two herbicides had moderate (glufosinate ammonium) to severe (s\u2010metolachlor) acute lethal effects on the immature parasitoids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study corroborates earlier findings with adult <jats:italic>T. pretiosum<\/jats:italic>. Over half of the pesticides\u00a0\u2013\u00a0and all the fungicides\u00a0\u2013\u00a0tested in the current study would appear to be compatible with the use of <jats:italic>T. pretiosum<\/jats:italic> in integrated pest management programs, with respect to acute parasitoid mortality. \u00a9 2017 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]],"date-time":"2017-06-10T02:32:47Z","timestamp":1497061967000},"page":"2465-2472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Lethal effects of selected novel pesticides on immature stages of <i>Trichogramma pretiosum<\/i> (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Ashraf","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences University of Peshawar  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4475-8177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R","family":"Ruberson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology Kansas State University  Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Arthropod Biological Control Agents and Pesticides","author":"Croft BA","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fipronil: environmental fate, ecotoxicology, and human health concerns","volume":"176","author":"Tingle CCD","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-2625-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-287-952-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511752353.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.04.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Pesticides and Non\u2010Target Invertebrates","author":"Hassan SA","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Guideline of the side effects of plant protection products on Trichogramma chilonis, in Guideline for testing the effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms: description of test method","volume":"15","author":"Hassan SA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull IOBC\/WPRS"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3396"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.01.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Effects of different insecticides on parasitism of host eggs by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley","volume":"8","author":"Bull DL","year":"1983","journal-title":"Southwest Entomol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Effects of pesticides on Trichogramma spp","volume":"8","author":"Bull DL","year":"1985","journal-title":"Southwest Entomol (Supplement)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01459.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-93.3.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"A review of the New World genera of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera)","volume":"15","author":"Pinto JD","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hymenopt Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma","author":"Zucchi RA","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma","author":"Polaszek A","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.41.010196.002111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Trophic links of species of the genus Trichogramma West. 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