{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:09:45Z","timestamp":1763017785078,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda (LIV-DEMI-FCB-UANL)"},{"name":"PAICYT CT294-15 to PTG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinosad is recommended for  control of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> (J.E. Smith) larvae; its application with phagostimulants may reduce the quantity of active ingredient required for effective pest control. Spinosad (Tracer\u00ae) was formulated in maize flour matrix granules and three field tests compared 10\u2013100\u2009ppm a.i. granules (equivalent to 0.24\u20132.4\u2009g a.i. ha<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>) with Tracer as an aqueous spray (200\u2009ppm a.i.; 60\u2009g a.i. ha<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>), and the recommended application rates of <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>, a chemical and an untreated controls  were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 100\u2009ppm spinosad granules resulted in similar <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic> mortality compared with the chemical treatments in all three field trials, and resulted in a significantly higher maize grain yield compared with unformulated and control treatments (4141 vs. 2857 and 2407\u2009kg ha<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>, respectively) that was similar to the chemical treatment (3778\u2009kg ha<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>). Bioassays of granules stored at room and cold temperatures showed that after 5\u2009years, \u223c 70% of the original activity remained (OAR) of spinosad when formulated as granules. Nevertheless, after 9\u2009years, efficacy was reduced (26.2% and 48.5% OAR) at both room (25\u2009\u00b0C) and refrigerated temperatures (4\u2009\u00b0C).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinosad, in the granular phagostimulant formulations evaluated in this study, had advantages measured as high efficacy and long shelf life. \u00a9 2017 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T01:06:50Z","timestamp":1498784810000},"page":"100-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Increased efficacy and extended shelf life of spinosad formulated in phagostimulant granules against <scp><i>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/i><\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Tamez\u2010Guerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda  San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Tamayo\u2010Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda  San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gomez\u2010Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda  San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda  San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Damas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda  San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reyes S","family":"Tamez\u2010Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda  San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria J","family":"Ek\u2010Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda  San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda AC  Veracruz Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/91.6.1277"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2007-0947.ch007","volume-title":"Crop Protection Products for Organic Agriculture. 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