{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T03:40:19Z","timestamp":1761104419840,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,28]],"date-time":"2002-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1014854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As part of product\u2010performance and wildlife\u2010hazards studies of 2% zinc phosphide (Zn<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>P<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) steam\u2010rolled\u2010oat baits (11.2\u2009kg\u2005ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) to reduce vole populations (<jats:italic>Microtus spp<\/jats:italic>) in alfalfa (<jats:italic>Medicago sativa<\/jats:italic>), we used randomly located, brushed\u2010dirt plots (eight \u223c930\u2212cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> plots per 0.2\u2010ha enclosure) to monitor bait\u2010broadcast and \u2010removal patterns, as well as to index vole and avian sign. Research was conducted in 18\u2009\u00d7\u20090.2\u2010ha enclosures containing 2.5\u2010year\u2010old stands of alfalfa; a 2\u2010day pre\u2010bait (placebo baits broadcast in all enclosures) period followed by a 14\u2010day test\u2010bait period (placebo and 2% Zn<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>P<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> baits in nine enclosures each) characterized the bait exposures. Baits were broadcast manually by two certified pesticide applicators (CPAs) using Spyker\u00ae Model\u201075 spreaders. Baits that fell onto plots were counted &lt;30\u2009min later to assess the uniformity of bait distribution. The main statistical design was a 2 (placebo or Zn<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>P<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> baits)\u2009\u00d7\u20093 (vole\u2010only, vole\u2013pheasant, vole\u2013quail exposures)\u2009\u00d7\u200914 (days) factorial, with days considered repeated measurements. In the six vole\u2010only enclosures, baits were removed from the brushed\u2010dirt plots and replaced with four 0% or 2% Zn<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>P<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> baits (one per 232.6\u2010cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> quadrant; 32 per enclosure); these \u2018placed\u2019 baits were then monitored daily for removal, while the surfaces of all plots were monitored daily for the presence\u200a:\u200aabsence of animal\/bird sign. Key results were: (a) 3.51\u2009(\u00b12.66) and 3.39\u2009(\u00b13.52) mean (\u00b1SD) baits were found on plots after pre\u2010bait and test\u2010bait broadcasts, respectively\u2014less than the predicted 4.52 particles per 930\u2010cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> plot; (b) baits \u2018placed\u2019 on plots in placebo\u2010baited enclosures were removed earlier than those in Zn<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>P<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010baited enclosures\u2014data in agreement with observed vole mortality; and (c) species\u2009\u00d7\u2009bait interactions occurred for both the vole\u2010 and pheasant\u2010sign counts, but not quail\u2010sign counts\u2014data also indirectly confirming Zn<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>P<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced mortality effects on voles and pheasants. This technique has utility for a variety of wildlife biology and chemical registration studies; although limited to arid conditions, the technique affords useful indices of broadcast calibration, bait pick\u2010up, as well as target and non\u2010target species mortality.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T19:13:41Z","timestamp":1030302821000},"page":"385-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An index technique to monitor broadcast calibration and bait pick up, plus rodent and avian sign under arid conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ray T","family":"Sterner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig A","family":"Ramey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision G","author":"Environmental Protection Agency","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision E","author":"Environmental Protection Agency","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency Ecological Effects Test Guidelines: OPPTS 850.2500 Field Testing for Terrestrial Wildlife (Public Draft) Office of Prevention Pesticides and Toxic Substances (7101) (EPA\u2010712\u2010C\u201096\u2010144) Washington DC pp44(1996)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","first-page":"183","article-title":"IPM strategies: indexing difficult to monitor populations of pest species","volume":"19","author":"Engeman R M","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Vert Pest Cont Conf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR9960197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Assessing the impact of dingo predation on wildlife populations","volume":"10","author":"Allen L","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. 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