{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:16:05Z","timestamp":1788952565148,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPQ)","award":["312086\/2013-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312086\/2013-0"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC-BR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a pest of economically important crops in South America. In Brazil, this species is considered the most destructive pest of maize. Use of spinosyn insecticides in insect resistance management (IRM) has been one strategy to control this pest. In this study, we selected a strain of\n                      <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistant to spinosad and evaluated the inheritance and fitness costs of the resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Estimated LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      (concentration required to kill 50% of larvae) values were 0.011 and 9.80 \u00b5g cm\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      for the spinosad\u2010susceptible (Sus) and \u2010resistant (Spin\u2010res) strains, respectively. This represents an 890\u2010fold resistance ratio. LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values for reciprocal crosses were 0.18 and 0.14 \u00b5g cm\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      , indicating that resistance to spinosad is an autosomal incompletely recessive trait. Backcrosses of the F\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      progeny from reciprocal crosses with the parental Spin\u2010res strain showed a polygenic effect. The estimated minimum number of independent segregations was \u223c 2.45, indicating that resistance to spinosad is associated with multiple genes. In greenhouse assays, third\u2010instar larvae from the Spin\u2010res strain showed &gt;92% survival on spinosad\u2010treated maize. By contrast Sus and reciprocal crosses exhibited 0% and &lt;5% survival, respectively, indicating that resistance is recessive. Life history studies to investigate the fitness cost of resistance revealed a 41% reduction in the rate of survival to adulthood and a 49% lower reproductive rate in the Spin\u2010res strain compared with the Sus strain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The autosomal, incompletely recessive and polygenic resistance to spinosad in\n                      <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the fitness costs associated with this resistance can be exploited in IRM strategies to preserve the lifetime of spinosad for control of\n                      <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Brazil. \u00a9 2017 Society of Chemical Industry\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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