{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:39:52Z","timestamp":1774067992835,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,23]],"date-time":"2002-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Imidacloprid is a pesticide often used to control insect pests on residential lawns and golf courses. To investigate its potential to be transported into non\u2010target aquatic systems by rainfall events, imidacloprid was applied as 5.0\u2009g\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> GR and 750\u2009g\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> WP to 12 plots planted with bermuda grass set on a 5% slope. The dimethylamine salt of the herbicide 2,4\u2010D was applied simultaneously to the plots in order to normalize the results to prior trials conducted with other pesticides. At a rate of 2.5\u2009cm h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 5\u2010cm rainfall events were simulated at 24 and 48\u2009h after application and 2.5\u2010cm events were simulated at 96 and 192\u2009h. After each event water was collected from each plot and analyzed by HPLC for residual insecticide or herbicide. Approximately 1.4% of the insecticide formulated as WP and 1.9% of that formulated as GR was lost from the plots after four run\u2010off events. Of the total mass lost, 64% and 30% respectively occurred in the first and second run\u2010off events for the WP formulation <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 75% and 20% for the GR formulation. These values compare with a total mass export of 2.6% for 2,4\u2010D, of which 95% and 4% of the loss occurred respectively in the first and second run\u2010off events. The maximum concentration of imidacloprid detected in run\u2010off water was 0.49\u2009mg\u2009litre<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and occurred during the first run\u2010off event.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u00a9 2002 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,6]],"date-time":"2002-10-06T08:35:39Z","timestamp":1033893339000},"page":"702-706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Effects of formulation on the run\u2010off of imidacloprid from turf"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Kevin L","family":"Armbrust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold B","family":"Peeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FrickE\u200aA HippeD\u200aJ BuellG\u200aR CouchC\u200aA HopkinsE\u200aH WangsnessD\u200aJandGarrettJ\u200aW Water quality in the Apalachicola\u2010Chattahoochee\u2010Flint River basins Georgia Alabama and Florida 1992\u201395;US Geological Survey Circular 1164(1998).","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1164"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Metabolic pathways of agrochemicals, part 2","author":"Roberts T R","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf960514a"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1998.03615995006200020008x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.328"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1997.00472425002600020007x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043174500081819"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.17305"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1996.0011183X003600060003x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1996-0630.ch014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620161209"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1997.00472425002600060019x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00033a028"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1990.00472425001900010017x"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.518","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.518","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:14:22Z","timestamp":1761052462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,23]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.518","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-08-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-03-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-05-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}