{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:12:28Z","timestamp":1784045548803,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of California Cooperative Extension-Siskiyou and Modoc County offices"},{"name":"University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources"},{"name":"Vertebrate Pest Control Research Advisory Committee of the California Department of Food and Agriculture"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effective management of ground squirrels relies on an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. Rodenticides may be included in an IPM program, but they must be efficacious with minimal impact on nontarget species. A zinc phosphide\u2010coated green bait may meet these requirements. We established a study in northeastern California to test zinc phosphide\u2010coated cabbage as a management tool for Belding's ground squirrels (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Urocitellus beldingi<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>). We specifically addressed factors that would influence the efficacy of a baiting program, as well as potential exposure risk to nontarget species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that prebaiting was an important application strategy, and efficacy increased as ground squirrel abundance increased. Efficacy was also greater in western portions of the study area, likely due to greater bait consumption at western sites. Belding's ground squirrels fed most heavily on cabbage during mid\u2010morning and late afternoon; bait applications shortly before these time periods would increase bait consumption while minimizing nontarget risk. Bait uptake was greatest around burrow entrances. The only nontarget species observed feeding on cabbage was the California kangaroo rat (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Dipodomys californicus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>), although they were never observed feeding on treated cabbage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zinc phosphide\u2010coated cabbage can be an efficacious tool for managing ground squirrels, but there will be limitations on where and how it can be used effectively. It posed a low risk to nontarget species present in our study area, but nontarget risk could vary regionally. The use of a zinc phosphide\u2010coated green bait should only be one part of an IPM strategy for managing ground squirrels. \u00a9 2019 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T04:36:28Z","timestamp":1547181388000},"page":"1847-1854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Efficacy and nontarget impact of zinc phosphide\u2010coated cabbage as a ground squirrel management tool"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0656-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger A","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California  Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Halbritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California  Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Meinerz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California  Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura K","family":"Snell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Cooperative Extension\u2010Modoc County  Alturas CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve B","family":"Orloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Cooperative Extension\u2010Siskiyou County  Yreka CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670879009371477"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2004.0233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12067"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Gilson A","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.370"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Marsh RE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"268","article-title":"Baiting regimes for reducing ground squirrel damage to alfalfa","volume":"9","author":"Kalinowski SA","year":"1981","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Sauer WC","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Vertebrate Pest Conference","author":"Sauer WC","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Alfalfa yield loss from Belding's ground squirrels in northeastern California","volume":"27","author":"Whisson DA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/V425110563"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Human conflicts with wildlife: economic considerations. 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