{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:59:34Z","timestamp":1790639974702,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anticoagulant rodenticides are used worldwide to control pest rodent species. However, the risks posed to non\u2010target reptiles have not been well characterized. In this study, 46 giant ameivas (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Ameiva ameiva<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>), 39 boa constrictors (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Boa constrictor<\/jats:styled-content>)<\/jats:italic>, 33 wood turtles (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>), and 47 green iguanas (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Iguana iguana<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>) were orally dosed with one of two levels of either diphacinone or brodifacoum anticoagulant in propylene glycol solutions. Dosages were derived using daily food intake (DFI) equations, converting DFI to an equivalent anticoagulant bait amount and gavaging the solution volume needed to deliver the quantity of anticoagulant in that amount of bait. Animals were dosed on days 0 and 7 and monitored for a further 7\u2009days for signs of anticoagulant intoxication and differences in behaviors and postures. At necropsy on day 14, animals were examined for thoracic and abdominal bleeding, and both tissue and organ samples were taken for histology. Liver and whole\u2010body anticoagulant residues were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>No turtles or boas died due to anticoagulant exposure. However, anticoagulant intoxication was suspected in one iguana dosed with brodifacoum. A few treated ameivas died but exhibited no hemorrhaging. Liver residue levels were higher than whole\u2010body remainder residue levels for all species. Unlike the other species, turtles had higher diphacinone residue levels than brodifacoum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Turtles and boas exhibited a relative insensitivity to diphacinone and brodifacoum, while the lizards appeared to be somewhat more sensitive to these compounds. This study provides data for future assessments of the risks to these species associated with anticoagulant use. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T02:34:10Z","timestamp":1576809250000},"page":"1958-1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of brodifacoum and diphacinone exposure on four species of reptiles: tissue residue levels and survivorship"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard E","family":"Mauldin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS WS National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary W","family":"Witmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS WS National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan A","family":"Shriner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS WS National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael S","family":"Moulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS WS National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine E","family":"Horak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA APHIS WS National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2007.00755.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR06006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"667","volume-title":"Predation on seabirds by introduced animals, and factors affecting its severity","author":"Moors PJ","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.1994.9518003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Rodents: Habitat, Pathology and Environmental Impacts","author":"Witmer GW","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"VietchCRandCloutMN Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species inProceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives ed. by Vietch CR and Clout MN. 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