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We have investigated the effects of the safener cloquintocet\u2010mexyl, which protects small\u2010grain cereals against the graminicidal herbicide, clodinafop\u2010propargyl. Subtractive suppression hybridisation was used to identify wheat genes which are up\u2010regulated by treatment not only with cloquintocet\u2010mexyl but also with phenobarbital, which is known to stimulate xenobiotic metabolism in animals and plants. DNA sequences of five glutathione transferases (GSTs) belonging to three different classes and a multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) homologue were identified in the screen. The chemical inducibility of these clones was confirmed by Northern analysis. The MRP protein was shown to be induced by treatments with cloquintocet\u2010mexyl and phenobarbital and to be localised to the tonoplast. Since clodinafop\u2010propargyl is not known to be metabolised by glutathionylation, the significance of GST induction is interpreted in terms of a generalised response to chemical stress, particularly the generation of active oxygen species.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This work establishes herbicide safeners as useful tools for the identification of genes encoding herbicide\u2010metabolising enzymes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u00a9 2003 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,8]],"date-time":"2003-01-08T16:12:09Z","timestamp":1042042329000},"page":"202-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Co\u2010induction of glutathione\u2010<i>S<\/i>\u2010transferases and multidrug resistance associated protein by xenobiotics in wheat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Frederica 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