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The development of abamectin resistance in this major pest has become an increasing problem worldwide, potentially compromising the use of milbemectin. In this study, a large collection of European field populations was screened for milbemectin and abamectin resistance, and both target\u2010site and metabolic (cross\u2010)resistance mechanisms were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>High to very high levels of abamectin resistance were found in one third of all populations, while milbemectin resistance levels were low for most populations. The occurrence of well\u2010known target\u2010site resistance mutations in glutamate\u2010gated chloride channels (G314D in GluCl1 and G326E in GluCl3) was documented in the most resistant populations. However, a new mutation, I321T in GluCl3, was also uncovered in three resistant populations, while a V327G and L329F mutation was found in GluCl3 of one resistant population. A differential gene\u2010expression analysis revealed the overexpression of detoxification genes, more specifically cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and UDP\u2010glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes. Multiple UGTs were functionally expressed, and their capability to glycosylate abamectin and milbemectin, was tested and confirmed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a clear correlation between abamectin and milbemectin resistance in European <jats:italic>T. urticae<\/jats:italic> populations, but as milbemectin resistance levels were low, the observed cross\u2010resistance is probably not of operational importance. The presence of target\u2010site resistance mutations in GluCl genes was confirmed in most but not all resistant populations. Gene\u2010expression analysis and functional characterization of P450s and UGTs suggests that also metabolic abamectin resistance mechanisms are common in European <jats:italic>T. urticae<\/jats:italic> populations. \u00a9 2020 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:40:20Z","timestamp":1585712420000},"page":"2569-2581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Geographical distribution and molecular insights into abamectin and milbemectin cross\u2010resistance in European field populations of <i>Tetranychus urticae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Coupure Links 653  Ghent 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