{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:47:28Z","timestamp":1788587248158,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011107","name":"Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003762","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mosquitoes of the <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> complex are the vectors of several arboviruses and are thus subjected to insecticide control worldwide. However, overuse of insecticides selects for resistance. While assessing the resistance status of the vectors is required for effective and sustainable disease control, resistance has so far only been sparsely studied in Morocco. In this study, we establish a first countrywide assessment of the levels of resistance to various insecticides and the potential responsible mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic> larvae were collected from natural populations of five regions of Morocco, and their taxonomic status was determined (molecular forms). The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed by single\u2010diagnostic\u2010dose bioassays. Molecular identification of known resistance alleles was investigated to determine the frequency of target\u2010site mutations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study confirms that Moroccan populations are an interbreeding mix of <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>molestus<\/jats:italic> forms, with large gene flow for the resistance alleles. We also found that <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes are resistant to all insecticide families, all over Morocco: resistance is high for insecticides used in mosquito control, but also present for other pesticides. Resistance alleles are similarly more frequent for mosquito control insecticides. However, their distribution is heterogeneous in the five regions, with significant genetic differentiation between populations, revealing the crucial role of local insecticide treatment practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides reference countrywide data that highlight the need for further research to refine the distribution of resistance in Morocco and to understand the role of agriculture\/urban residuals in its spread. \u00a9 2020 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T07:50:08Z","timestamp":1601711408000},"page":"1178-1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Distribution of insecticide resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in the West Nile vector <scp><i>Culex pipiens<\/i><\/scp> in Morocco"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Soukaina","family":"Arich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik URAC 34, Hassan II University\u2010Casablanca  Casablanca Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV) Institut Pasteur du Maroc  Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najlaa","family":"Assaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV) Institut Pasteur du Maroc  Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Taki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik URAC 34, Hassan II University\u2010Casablanca  Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myl\u00e8ne","family":"Weill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS\u2010UM\u2010IRD\u2010EPHE), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier  Montpellier, CEDEX 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierrick","family":"Labb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS\u2010UM\u2010IRD\u2010EPHE), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier  Montpellier, CEDEX 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-0077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M'hammed","family":"Sarih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles (LMV) Institut Pasteur du Maroc  Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Global Vector Control Response 2017\u20132030","author":"Organization WH and UNICEF","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036757"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tay096"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"867","article-title":"West Nile fever in horses in Morocco","volume":"108","author":"Tber Abdelhaq A","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull Off Int Epizoot"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"Isolement du virus West Nile au Maroc","volume":"1","author":"El Harrack M","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040817"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1805.110826"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-83"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"Population structure in the Culex pipiens complex of mosquitos","volume":"37","author":"Spielman A","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-6055.2011.00834.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1977522205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Electrophoretic studies on Culex quinquefasciatus say from Africa: genetic variability and divergence from Culex pipiens L.(Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"75","author":"Urbanelli S","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"On the Culex pipiens group in Japan part III. A historical review of its research 4. Review of the adult character (3)","volume":"13","author":"Ishii T","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Sci Univ Tokushima"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/126085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","article-title":"Les m\u00e9canismes responsables de la r\u00e9sistance aux insecticides chez les insectes et les acariens","volume":"2","author":"Haubruge \u00c9","year":"1998","journal-title":"BASE"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384890-1.00014-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2005.00938.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14463"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1090"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/423136b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2006.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2010.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/78.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(89)90137-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.2.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.2273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","volume-title":"Global Report on Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors: 2010\u20132016","author":"WHO","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2010.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2625-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","first-page":"691","article-title":"Carbamate\u2010resistance in mosquitos: selection of Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann (= C. quinquefasciatus say) for resistance to Baygon","volume":"35","author":"Georghiou GP","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.2.0750251"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9063(199910)55:10<1012::AID-PS39>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2004.00452.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-4998(200009)56:9<727::AID-PS214>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1984.tb05657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13855"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0572-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","first-page":"542","article-title":"Impacts of agricultural practices on pyrethroid resistance in Culex pipiens pipiens, an important vector of human diseases, from Tunisia","volume":"36","author":"Tabbabi A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670874.2018.1499985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1733-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1931-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2009.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.3.463"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5114"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12372"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013300108134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105414"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.6127","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ps.6127","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.6127","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:03:20Z","timestamp":1761051800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.6127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.6127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.6127","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}