{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:06:31Z","timestamp":1790661991699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Industry responsible for the discovery and development of crop protection compounds has undergone dramatic changes and increasing consolidation since the initial innovations in synthetic organic fungicides, herbicides and insecticides in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Likewise, there have been striking changes in the rate of introduction of new crop protection compounds over the past 70\u2009years. While numerous studies over the past five decades have signaled the ongoing decline in the numbers of new active ingredients (AIs), a detailed analysis of the trends in the rate of introduction of crop protection compounds shows a more complex pattern in the overall output of new AIs. The recent (post\u20102000) decline in the numbers of new herbicides is the primary source of the perceived decline in overall numbers. When herbicides are excluded, the output of new fungicides and insecticides has been relatively constant, especially for the past 20\u2009years. A notable observation is that innovation, as measured by the number of compounds representing a new chemical class (First\u2010in\u2010Class) has been relatively constant for the past 70\u2009years, and most recently has been driven by the appearance of new fungicides and insecticides. Thus, the discovery and development of new AIs for crop protection and public health continues, in spite of the many challenges and changes to the Industry. \u00a9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T21:24:47Z","timestamp":1611437087000},"page":"3608-3616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Crop protection compounds \u2013 trends and\u2002perspective"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0526-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas C","family":"Sparks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrilucent  Greenfield IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agranova  Orpington UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185383"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Silent Spring","author":"Carson R","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"666","article-title":"Cost, time and pesticide safety","volume":"2","author":"Johnson JE","year":"1972","journal-title":"Chem Tech"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3733\/hilg.v29n02p081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.25.010180.001251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-4466-7_32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4457"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.D19-101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b308486h"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1564\/v29_feb_08"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5780"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"Agropages Ranking list of the 2019 top 20 global agrochemical companies recomposed graced by 11 Chinese players News.agropages.com\/News\/print-36626.htm Sept. 21 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"1400","volume-title":"The Pesticide Manual","author":"Turner JA","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"WoodA Index of New ISO Common Names Compendium of Pesticide Common Names (2020). Available:http:\/\/www.alanwood.net\/pesticides\/index_new_frame.html. [13 October 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) Available:http:\/\/www.frac.info\/[5 June 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) Available:http:\/\/www.hracglobal.com\/[4 June 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Insecticide Resistance Action Committee(IRAC) Available:http:\/\/www.irac-online.orgaccessed [3 June 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.104587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-738650-8.50007-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1981.0123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"474","volume-title":"The Chemical Industry","author":"Braunholtz JT","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(87)90030-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Pesticides and Alternatives: Innovative Chemical and Biological Approaches to Pest Control","author":"Voss G","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Eighth International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry \u2013 Options 2000","author":"Klassen W","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(95)00839-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02220-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Research Investments and Market Structure in the Food Processing, Agricultural Input and Biofuel Industries Worldwide","author":"King JL","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1993.1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Ag Chem New Compound Review","author":"Bryant RJ","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67958-7_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470995457.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Ag Chem New Compound Review","author":"Bryant RJ","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Ag Chem New Compound Review","author":"Bryant RJ","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"PhillipsMcDougall R&D Trends for Chemical Crop Protection Products and the Position of the European Market (2013) 21p."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Evolution of the Crop Protection Industry Since 1960","author":"McDougall P","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"Agranova Alliance Crop Protection Actives. Available:http:\/\/www.agranova.co.uk[3 October 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"655","volume-title":"The Pesticide Manual","author":"Worthing CR","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"1457","volume-title":"The Pesticide Manual","author":"Tomlin CDS","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Chlorinated Insecticides","author":"Brooks GT","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"387","volume-title":"Organophosphorus Pesticides: Organic and Biological Chemistry","author":"Eto M","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Carbamate Insecticides: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Toxicology","author":"Kuhr RJ","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b03484"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.2020.822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Agrochemicals \u2013 Executive Review","author":"Bryant RJ","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Historical Development of Pesticides in Japan","author":"Ota H","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Herbicide Company \u201cGenealogy\u201d","author":"Appleby AP","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Evolution of the Leading Agrochemical Companies: A Graphical Representation of the Key Agrochemical Mergers and Acquisitions","author":"Phillips McDougall","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Chemicals for Crop Protection and Pest Control","author":"Green MB","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2005-0892.ch001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage \u2013 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates","author":"Grube A","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","volume-title":"The Global Agrochemical Market Trends by Crop, 11th China International Forum on Development of Pesticide Industry, Shanghai, Feb. 28th, 2017","author":"McDougall Phillips","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60227a012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203909430.ch10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","first-page":"508","volume-title":"Insect\u2010Pest Management and Control","author":"National Academy of Sciences","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","first-page":"376","volume-title":"Pest Control Strategies for the Future","author":"National Academy of Sciences","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Pest Control Strategies for the Future","author":"Metcalf RL","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Pesticide Selectivity","author":"Street JC","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1993-0524.ch001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2017-1264.ch001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","unstructured":"GerwickBC Thirty years of herbicide discovery: surveying the past and contemplating the future Agrow World Crop Protection News No. 600 pp. VII\u2010IX (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.D20-201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/wsc.2017.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","unstructured":"HeapI The International Herbicide\u2010Resistance Weed Database[Online] (2020). Available:www.weedscience.org[14 December 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.19.01245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4760"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","unstructured":"DaviesS Bayer Announces Development of New Herbicide Molecule Feb. 13 2020 Agri\u2010Pulse Communications Available:https:\/\/wwwagripulsecom\/articles\/13179-bayer-announces-development-of-new-herbicide-molecule[6 November 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5865"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/7.2.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","unstructured":"Mota\u2010SanchezD WiseJC Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database (ARPD) Michigan State University. Available:http:\/\/www.pesticideresistance.org\/Accessed [28 March 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz308"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.6293","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ps.6293","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.6293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:58:17Z","timestamp":1761047897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.6293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.6293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.6293","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}