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Bananas are important global export commodities and a major staple food. Their susceptibility to BLSD pushes disease management towards excessive fungicide use, largely relying on multisite inhibitors and sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). These fungicides are ubiquitous in plant disease control, targeting the CYP51 enzyme. We examined sensitivity to DMIs in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>fijiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      field isolates collected from various major banana production zones in Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, the Philippines, Guadalupe, Martinique and Cameroon and determined the underlying genetic reasons for the observed phenotypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed a continuous range of sensitivity towards the DMI fungicides difenoconazole, epoxiconazole and propiconazole with clear cross\u2010sensitivity. Sequence analyses of PfCYP51 in 266 isolates showed 28 independent amino acid substitutions, nine of which correlated with reduced sensitivity to DMIs. In addition to the mutations, we observed up to six insertions in the\n                      <jats:italic>Pfcyp51<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter. Such promoter insertions contain repeated elements with a palindromic core and correlate with the enhanced expression of\n                      <jats:italic>Pfcyp51<\/jats:italic>\n                      and hence with reduced DMI sensitivity. Wild\u2010type isolates from unsprayed bananas fields did not contain any promoter insertions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The presented data significantly contribute to understanding of the evolution and global distribution of DMI resistance mechanisms in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>fijiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      field populations and facilitate the prediction of different DMI efficacy. The overall reduced DMI sensitivity calls for the deployment of a wider range of solutions for sustainable control of this major banana disease. \u00a9 2021 The Authors.\n                      <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T10:13:25Z","timestamp":1616667205000},"page":"3273-3288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A world\u2010wide analysis of reduced sensitivity to\n                    <scp>DMI<\/scp>\n                    fungicides in the banana pathogen\n                    <i>Pseudocercospora fijiensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas del Ecuador, CIBE Laboratorio de Fitopatolog\u00eda Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral, ESPOL.  km 30.5 via perimetral Guayaquil 090112 Ecuador"},{"name":"Wageningen Research Wageningen University and Research  Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9 Ngando","family":"Essoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherches sur les Syst\u00e8mes de Production Durables (SYSPROD) Laboratoire de Phytopathologie Centre Africain de Recherches sur Bananiers et Plantain, CARBAP  Douala Cameroun"},{"name":"UPR GECO CIRAD  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael E","family":"Arango Isaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Biociencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medell\u00edn (UNALMED)  Medell\u00edn Colombia"},{"name":"Corporaci\u00f3n para Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Unidad de biotecnolog\u00eda Vegetal (CIB)  Medell\u00edn Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Keizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometris Wageningen University and Research  Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2368-6119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Stergiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F","family":"Seidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugo R. Kruytgebouw Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fitoprotecci\u00f3n Corporaci\u00f3n Bananera Nacional (CORBANA S.A.)  Lim\u00f3n Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fitoprotecci\u00f3n Corporaci\u00f3n Bananera Nacional (CORBANA S.A.)  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