{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T02:26:28Z","timestamp":1785810388788,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rice weevil, <jats:italic>Sitophilus oryzae<\/jats:italic> (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a cosmopolitan pest of stored cereal grains and other commodities globally. Infestations caused by <jats:italic>S. oryzae<\/jats:italic> makes grains unsuitable for consumption, processing, and export. Deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used in major grain storages in India as a prophylactic treatment to control this pest. However, recurrent use of this insecticide had led to genetic resistance in <jats:italic>S. oryzae<\/jats:italic>, questioning its ongoing use at the current recommended concentration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dose response analysis of resistant (Delta\u2010R) and susceptible (Lab\u2010S) strains of <jats:italic>S. oryzae<\/jats:italic> collected from grain storages across southern India, revealed that Delta\u2010R was 134\u2010fold more resistant than the Lab\u2010S at median lethal concentration (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>). A concentration of 180\u2009ppm over 48\u2009h effectively discriminated 16 resistant field populations from Lab\u2010S with per cent resistance ranging from 8.72% to 75.86%. Exposing all the resistant populations to 1000\u2009ppm over 48\u2009h identified 12 populations with strongly resistant individuals and confirmed the existence of two distinct resistance phenotypes, \u2018weak\u2019 and \u2018strong\u2019 in <jats:italic>S. oryzae<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, sequence analysis of the voltage\u2010gated sodium channel (<jats:italic>vgsc<\/jats:italic>) gene in Delta\u2010R identified a single target site mutation, T929I conferring resistance in <jats:italic>S. oryzae<\/jats:italic>. CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) marker analysis of this allele confirmed that frequency of resistance is high (up to 0.96) supporting the results of phenotypic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both phenotype and molecular marker analyses clearly demonstrated that deltamethrin at 180 and 1000\u2009ppm can be used to discriminate weakly and strongly resistant populations in <jats:italic>S. oryzae<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Resistance diagnostics based on the mutation, T929I, supports our phenotypic data and indicates that resistance to deltamethrin in <jats:italic>S. oryzae<\/jats:italic> is prevalent in southern parts of India, stressing the need to identify a synergist or suitable alternatives. \u00a9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T02:59:31Z","timestamp":1616641171000},"page":"3289-3299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Phenotypic and molecular analyses in rice weevil, <i>Sitophilus oryzae<\/i> (<scp>L<\/scp>inneaus) (<scp>C<\/scp>oleoptera: <scp>C<\/scp>urculionidae): identification of a <i>super kdr<\/i> mutation, <scp>T929I,<\/scp> conferring resistance to deltamethrin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Sonu K","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University  Coimbatore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajeswaran","family":"Jagadeesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonai Rajan","family":"Thangaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies Tamil Nadu Agricultural University  Coimbatore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upasna","family":"Selvapandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University  Coimbatore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj K","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohankumar","family":"Subbarayalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University  Coimbatore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-891127-75-5.50005-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Assessment of storage losses in wheat and different refractions in periodic arrivals in the mandis of Haryana","volume":"17","author":"Agarwal RK","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull Grain Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Rice weevil (Calandra) Silophilus oryzae","volume":"20","author":"Cotton R","year":"1920","journal-title":"J Agric Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tow107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-474X(94)90277-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780130610"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-474X(03)00025-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-474X(98)00007-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in the major coleopterous pests of stored grain in southern Queensland","volume":"43","author":"Collins IP","year":"1986","journal-title":"Queensland J Agric Animal Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34513-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-474X(86)90041-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-474X(91)90035-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Resistance status and associated resistance mechanisms to certain insecticides in rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","volume":"62","author":"Attia MA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alexandria J Agric Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmz010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/89.5.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2012.01559.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2019.101512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Monitoring for insecticide resistance in major stored product pests in Argentina","volume":"20","author":"Stadler T","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agriscientia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Recommended methods for detection and measurement of resistance of agricultural pests to pesticides\u2010tentative method for adults of some major pest species of stored cereals, with malathion or lindane","volume":"22","author":"FAO","year":"1974","journal-title":"FAO Plant Prot Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000059107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670879409371863"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-474X(98)00020-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.34.010189.000453"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2014.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0429"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10158-006-0036-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.392"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(01)00122-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2011.01079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1570-7458.2003.00085.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","first-page":"526","volume-title":"Towards Integrated Commodity and Pest Management in Grain Storage","author":"Semple RL","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-474X(00)00035-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Recommended methods for detection and measurement of resistance of agricultural pests to pesticides\u2010tentative method for adults of some major pest species of stored cereals, with methyl\u2010bromide and phosphine \u2013 FAO method serial no.16","volume":"23","author":"FAO","year":"1975","journal-title":"FAO Plant Prot Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"HeongKL TanKH GarciaCPF LiuZ andLuZ Research methods in toxicology and insecticide resistance monitoring of rice plant hopppers. 2nd edition. Los Ba\u00f1os (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 145 p. (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-005-9073-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers","volume":"132","author":"Rozen S","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajoRAD Molecular actions of pyrethroids on ion channels in the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. PhD Thesis University of Nottingham United Kingdom 220 p.(2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","first-page":"300","volume-title":"Probit Analysis","author":"Finney DJ","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","volume-title":"GenStat for Windows Release 16.1","author":"VSN","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420004045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Pesticide Bioassays with Arthropods","author":"Robertson JL","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-474X(98)00028-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","unstructured":"BeckelH LoriniIandLazzariSMN Resistance detection ofOryzaephilus surinamensis(L.) (Coleoptera; Silvanidae) to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides: Proceedings of the 9th International working conference on stored product protection; 2006 October 15\u201318; ed. by Lorini I Bacaltchuk B Beckel H Deckers D Sundfeld E Santos JPD Biagi JD Celaro JC Faroni LRD'A Bortolini LdeOF Sartori MR Elias MC Guedes RNC Fonseca RGda and Scussel VM Campinas Brazil Passo Fundo Abrapos pp. 312\u2013318(2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031582"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.4.914"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485310000684"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2012.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12267"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224951"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.6373","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ps.6373","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.6373","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:00:12Z","timestamp":1761051612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.6373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.6373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.6373","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}