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Most plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors. However, little is known about the function of miRNAs on plant virus\u2010insect host interaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the role of miR\u2010315\u20105p in regulation of plant viral infection in insects using a rice black\u2010streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and small brown planthopper (SBPH) interaction system. Our results showed that miR\u2010315\u20105p had the highest expression level in 2nd\u2010instar nymph, and was highly expressed in the salivary gland and midgut in SBPH. miR\u2010315\u20105p was in response to and regulated RBSDV infection in SBPH. Injection of miR\u2010315\u20105p mimic, agomir\u2010315, significantly increased the RBSDV accumulation, whereas injection of miR\u2010315\u20105p inhibitor, antagomir\u2010315, reduced virus accumulation in SBPH. Furthermore, a melatonin receptor was identified as a target gene of miR\u2010315\u20105p by the dual luciferase reporter assay. Knockdown of the melatonin receptor significantly increased the expression of RBSDV coat protein gene <jats:italic>S10<\/jats:italic> and replication related genes, <jats:italic>S5\u20101<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S6<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>S9\u20101<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, treatment with melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole and activator agomelatine significantly increased and reduced RBSDV accumulation in SBPH, respectively. Compared to the control, miR\u2010315\u20105p did not affect the efficiency of RBSDV acquisition in SBPH. However, the efficiency of RBSDV transmission was significantly reduced after injecting antagomir\u2010315.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, our data reveal that miR\u2010315\u20105p is beneficial for RBSDV infection in its insect vector by directly targeting a melatonin receptor. These findings provide a new insight to the function of miRNAs in virus\u2010insect vector interaction. \u00a9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T23:13:25Z","timestamp":1618096405000},"page":"3561-3570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<scp>MicroRNA<\/scp>\u2010315\u2010<scp>5p<\/scp> promotes rice black\u2010streaked dwarf virus infection by targeting a melatonin receptor in the small brown planthopper"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4097-1066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Nanjing Jiangsu Province 210014 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