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Spinosad is a biologically based insecticide used widely by both organic and conventional growers. Colorado potato beetle,\n                      <jats:italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is infamous for its ability to evolve resistance to insecticides. Spinosad resistance was surveyed in conventionally managed fields in eastern New York in 2006. In response to grower reports of spinosad failure on two organic farms in 2009, resistance to spinosad was assayed in both conventionally and organically managed fields the following year, and growers were surveyed for their prior spinosad use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2006, spinosad resistance measured as median lethal dose (LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) varied 9.8\u2010fold among the eight conventional fields sampled and a laboratory susceptible strain. In 2010, the resistance ratios of LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values relative to a laboratory susceptible strain ranged from 17.5 to 40.6 in conventionally managed fields, and from 128.7 to 5750.3 in organically managed fields, a dramatic increase from 2006 with higher resistance ratios in organically managed fields. Organic growers reported much heavier use of spinosad in the years prior to 2010.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first report of high\u2010level resistance to spinosad in Coleopterans. Selection strength due to number of years used and number of applications per season appear to have been the primary factors driving the evolution of resistance to spinosad, highlighting the need for resistance management in organic production, where fewer alternative active ingredients for resistance management are available. \u00a9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T13:15:24Z","timestamp":1620738924000},"page":"4393-4399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["High\u2010level field\u2010evolved resistance to spinosad in Colorado potato beetle,\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Leptinotarsa decemlineata<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    , in organically managed fields"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Schnaars\u2010Uvino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science University of Jamestown  Jamestown ND USA"},{"name":"Hudson Bay Project Division of Vertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History  New York NY USA"},{"name":"Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, The Graduate Center, CUNY  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9105-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell B","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, The Graduate Center, CUNY  New York NY USA"},{"name":"Biology Department Queens College of CUNY  Flushing NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077266"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12230-008-9052-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3826"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01922438"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.39.010194.000403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2597"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/EC10040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-162950-2.50019-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.869"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2011.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-014-0618-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3385"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.52.110405.091337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2004.00901.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.104553"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/EC13440"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/EC13458"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Movement of overwintered Colorado potato beetles in the field","volume":"11","author":"Weber DC","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Agric Entomol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/besa\/33.3.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"ForgashAG Insecticide resistance in the Colorado potato beetle ed. by Voss DNF and RH Proceedings Symposium on the Colorado potato beetle. 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