{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:02:23Z","timestamp":1780927343058,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008782","name":"University of Hawai'i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Control of <jats:italic>Zeugodacus cucurbitae<\/jats:italic>, a serious agricultural pest worldwide, often includes or is dependent on the use of spinosad\u2010based insecticides. This is especially the case in Hawaii, where GF\u2010120, a protein bait containing spinosad as the active ingredient, has been in use as a key integrated pest management (IPM) tool against this Tephritid for the last two decades. Here, we report on resistance to spinosad [resistance ratios (RRs) and median lethal concentration (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>)] in Hawaii's populations of <jats:italic>Z. cucurbitae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>High resistance was found in populations from three farms on Oahu (RR\u00a0=\u00a0102\u2013303; LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u2009191\u2013567\u2009mg\u2009L<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>) and in a population from Maui (RR\u00a0=\u00a08.50; LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u200915.9\u00a0mg\u2009L<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>). These will be problematic for control given that the most concentrated dilution ratio on the GF\u2010120 label is 96\u2009mg\u2009L<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> of spinosad (1 part GF\u2010120 to 1.5 parts water). Background resistance in a na\u00efve wild population from the Island of Hawaii (RR\u00a0=\u00a02.73; LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u20095.1\u00a0mg\u2009L<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>) was relatively low compared with a spinosad\u2010susceptible laboratory colony (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u20091.87\u2009mg\u2009L<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>). Resistance in the three Oahu and one Maui populations declined over generations in the absence of spinosad but remained elevated in some cases. Moreover, melon flies collected from one of the Oahu farms 1 year after the cessation of spinosad use revealed high persistence of resistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with a 2008 survey of spinosad resistance, our findings indicate a 34\u2010fold increase in resistance on one of the Oahu farms over 9\u2009years. The evolution and persistence of high levels of resistance to spinosad in <jats:italic>Z. cucurbitae<\/jats:italic> in Hawaii highlights the need for alternative control tactics, particularly rotation of active ingredients. \u00a9 2021 The Authors. <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T12:24:57Z","timestamp":1627734297000},"page":"5439-5444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Spinosad resistance in field populations of melon fly, <i>Zeugodacus cucurbitae<\/i> (Coquillett), in Hawaii"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Ju\u2010Chun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Yi","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Extension Center National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald FL","family":"Mau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences University of Hawai'i  M\u0101noa HI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colby","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Daniel K. Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center  Hilo HI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4857-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikkei","family":"Shikano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences University of Hawai'i  M\u0101noa HI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5062-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas C","family":"Manoukis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Daniel K. Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center  Hilo HI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger I","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Daniel K. 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