{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:50:02Z","timestamp":1791280202310,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> can directly affect the toxicity of insecticides to insects and the physiological response of insects to insecticides. <jats:italic>Frankliniella occidentalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. intonsa<\/jats:italic> are highly destructive pests that target horticultural crops. Spinetoram is an effective pesticide against thrips. This study sought to explore the effect of elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> on efficacy of spinetoram against <jats:italic>F. occidentalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. intonsa<\/jats:italic> and effect of the spinetoram on activities of protective and detoxifying enzymes under elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Notably, these enzymes can be exploited in further studies to develop interventions for thrips resistance management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toxicity bioassay showed that the LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of <jats:italic>F. occidentalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. intonsa<\/jats:italic> exposed to spinetoram at elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (800\u2009\u03bcL\u2009L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> concentration) for 48\u2009h was 0.08 and 0.006\u2009mg\u2009L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, respectively, which is 0.62 and 0.75 times of the values at ambient CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (400\u2009\u03bcL\u2009L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> concentration). The findings showed that elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> decreased activities of the superoxide dismutase and acetylcholinesterase in thrips, while increasing the activities of carboxylesterase and glutathione <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\u2010transferase. However, spinetoram increased activities of protective and detoxifying enzymes in both thrips under the two CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels. Elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and spinetoram affect the physiological enzyme activity in thrips synergistically, and the activities of analyzed enzymes were generally higher in <jats:italic>F. occidentalis<\/jats:italic> than in <jats:italic>F. intonsa<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> amplifies the efficacy of spinetoram on thrips, <jats:italic>F. intonsa<\/jats:italic> is more susceptibility to spinetoram than <jats:italic>F. occidentalis<\/jats:italic> and the latter showed better adaptation to adverse conditions than the former. \u00a9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T03:42:33Z","timestamp":1630726953000},"page":"274-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of elevated <scp>CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp> on activities of protective and detoxifying enzymes in <scp><i>Frankliniella occidentalis<\/i><\/scp> and <scp><i>F. intonsa<\/i><\/scp> under spinetoram stress"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4750-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongfang","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection Yunnan Agricultural University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5607-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection Yunnan Agricultural University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection Yunnan Agricultural University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection Yunnan Agricultural University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8601-7334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furong","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection Yunnan Agricultural University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. 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