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Given increasing resistance in Norway rats, the most persistent, bio\u2010accumulative and toxic anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used for management, which presents hazards to the environment especially for non\u2010target species. We investigated how sanitary measures improved management of Norway rats on 12 paired livestock farms in a region of Germany with a high population of resistant rats for reducing application of rodenticides. We recorded food intake, and tracked activity and resistance frequency during the pre\u2010treatment, treatment and post\u2010treatment periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the post\u2010treatment period, farms using sanitary measures had a higher control success with &gt;\u200913% more bait boxes without feeding than farms not using sanitary measures. In addition, the reoccurrence of rats was delayed by 85\u2009days. With increasing accessibility to buildings and more precise positioning of the boxes, control success improved, especially when rats could not spread from water\u2010bearing ditches through the sewer system, and when rat\u2010hunting animals were present. Resistant animals were more common indoors than outdoors, and there were more resistant rats recorded before and during treatment than in the post\u2010treatment period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The control success was substantially higher and reoccurrence was delayed using sanitary measures on farms. Sanitary measures can reduce resistance indirectly due to delayed re\u2010colonization and establishment of resistant populations inside buildings. Hence, sanitary measures help to reduce economic losses, rodenticides required for rat management and environmental risk especially in the resistance area. \u00a9 2022 The Authors. <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T01:58:36Z","timestamp":1641434316000},"page":"1620-1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sanitary measures considerably improve the management of resistant <scp>Norway<\/scp> rats on livestock farms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8047-4374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Esther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Kuehn\u2010Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine C","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Kuehn\u2010Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Klemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rodent Research Consultant  Warendorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Kuehn\u2010Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Crop and Soil Science  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845938178.0101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4339"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.54.070185.002331"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90567-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/188517a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1506"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02214"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02254"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Comperative genetics of warfarin resistance","volume":"34","author":"Oldenburg J","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haemostasis"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2020.101688"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2268"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3373"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3352"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"RRAC RRAC guidelines on anticoagulant rodenticide resistance management (2016). 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