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However, continuous oviposition weakens the parthenogenesis\u2010inducing (PI) strength of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>. Whether this reduced PI strength relates to decreases in the titer of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> in the ovary and offspring eggs of <jats:italic>Trichogramma<\/jats:italic> remains unclear. Here, using fluorescence <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010qPCR) methods, we investigated how the penetrance of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\u2010mediated parthenogenesis, <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> density, and distributions of two <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected <jats:italic>Trichogramma<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>T. pretiosum<\/jats:italic> (TP) and <jats:italic>T. dendrolimi<\/jats:italic> (TD), were influenced by different host access treatments [newly\u2010emerged virgin females (NE), 7\u2010day\u2010old females without access to host eggs (NAH), and 7\u2010day\u2010old virgin females with access to host eggs (AH)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Continuous oviposition decreased <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> PI strength and titers in TP and TD. Continuous oviposition in AH decreased <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> titers in abdomen and offspring eggs of TP and TD females, compared with NAH and NE; NAH had a lower thorax <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> titer than NE. The numbers of parasitized host eggs and offspring wasps, and emergence rates of offspring deposited by AH were lower than those of NE and NAH, for either species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Weakened PI strength, driven by continuous oviposition in <jats:italic>Trichogramma<\/jats:italic> wasps, is associated with <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> titer exhaustion in ovary and offspring eggs. <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> density is dependent on PI strength in <jats:italic>Trichogramma<\/jats:italic> wasps, highlighting the side effects of continuous oviposition regarding thelytokous <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected <jats:italic>Trichogramma<\/jats:italic> in biological control programs. \u00a9 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T01:41:35Z","timestamp":1650332495000},"page":"3080-3089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Penetrance during <i>Wolbachia<\/i>\u2010mediated parthenogenesis of <i>Trichogramma<\/i> wasps is reduced by continuous oviposition, associated with exhaustion of <i>Wolbachia<\/i> titers in ovary and offspring eggs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5904-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin\u2010Cheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang P. 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