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Some of the other ingredients of the finished formulations are intended to enhance the efficacy of the main active ingredient. The PPPs' effects impact honeybees that pollinate crops by exposing them to a complex of numerous chemical compounds. Depending on their composition, PPPs affect these insects in various ways. The present study estimated the effect of sublethal doses of insecticide (Active Ingredient (AI): indoxacarb) and commercial adjuvant (AI: alkylbenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt) applied individually and as a combination of these two formulations, on thermal preference and CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      emission rate of bees, and expression of the genes CYP9Q1, CYP9Q2, and CYP9Q3 involved in detoxification processes of these insects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Aqueous solutions of adjuvant and a mixture of both formulations statistically significantly altered honeybee thermal preferences (a decrease in the selected ambient temperature by 1.4 and 0.9\u00b0C, respectively). CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      emissions levels also changed (a drop of 1.7% for the insecticide\u2010treated group, 10% for those treated with adjuvant and 15.4% for those treated with both formulations applied together). The levels of the transcripts of the genes CYP9Q1, CYP9Q2, and CYP9Q3 were significantly elevated only in the head of the honeybee, but not in its abdomen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate that ready\u2010made PPP formulations, their adjuvants, and their mixtures determine the physiological status of honeybees, although the direction of changes might vary depending on the analyzed parameter. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T04:59:48Z","timestamp":1750827588000},"page":"6639-6649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of indoxacarb and commercial pesticide adjuvant on the honeybee (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Apis mellifera<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) temperature preference,\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    emission and expression of detoxification\u2010related genes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2056-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Piechowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Nature Protection University of Rzeszow  Rzesz\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"\u0141a\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Biotechnology University of Rzeszow  Rzesz\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Zezula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Nature Protection University of Rzeszow  Rzesz\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"B\u0142\u0105dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Biotechnology University of Rzeszow  Rzesz\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Dziki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Biotechnology University of Rzeszow  Rzesz\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lech","family":"Zar\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Informatics University of Rzeszow  Rzesz\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Grodzicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences N. 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