{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:15:53Z","timestamp":1777504553019,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diapause is a vital adaptive strategy enabling insects to endure adverse environmental conditions and significantly extend their lifespan, by suspending development and conserving energy. During diapause, profound physiological and metabolic changes occur. Key genes involved in diapause have long been considered a potential target for pest control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we observed elevated glucose levels in the brains of <jats:italic>Helicoverpa armigera<\/jats:italic> diapause\u2010destined pupae. Concurrently, the expression of glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), critical for glucose uptake, was upregulated, displaying a temporal pattern consistent with increased glucose availability. Further analysis revealed that Glut1 expression is regulated by AMP\u2010activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor whose protein levels and phosphorylation were significantly higher in diapause\u2010destined brains compared to nondiapause\u2010destined individuals, underscoring its central role in diapause\u2010related metabolic regulation. Building on evidence that AMPK modulates hypoxia\u2010inducible factor 1\u2010alpha (HIF\u20101\u03b1), we demonstrated that HIF\u20101\u03b1 transcriptionally activates Glut1 expression by directly binding to its promoter. Additionally, AMPK was found to regulate glucose metabolism through glycogen synthase (GS). Although glucose levels were elevated in diapause\u2010destined brains, glycogen content remained stable, unlike the progressive increase observed in nondiapause individuals. This phenomenon was attributed to high phosphorylation levels of GS, indicating reduced enzymatic activity. Although glucose induces GS expression, AMPK inhibits its activity via phosphorylation, preventing glycogen synthesis and maintaining elevated glucose levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings collectively elucidate the pivotal role of AMPK in coordinating metabolic adaptations during <jats:italic>H.\u2009armigera<\/jats:italic> pupal diapause, providing critical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying insect diapause and lifespan extension. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T09:13:51Z","timestamp":1752916431000},"page":"7244-7255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<scp>AMPK<\/scp> regulates pupal diapause by modulating glucose metabolism in the brain of the cotton bollworm, <i>Helicoverpa 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